Evaluation of Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus comprises a group of common metabolic disorder that shares the phenotype of Hyperglycaemia. Several distinct types of DM exist and is caused by complex interaction of genetic, environmental factors and lifestyle choices. The two broad categories of DM are designated as Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes occurs due to autoimmune Beta cell destruction. Type 2 DM is a heterogeneous group of disorder characterised by variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion and increased glucose production.The objective of this study is to evaluate the microvascular and macrovascular complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among patients attending the Diabetology Outpatient Department at Government Vellore Medical College and Hospital, Vellore. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was a cross-sectional study done on patients with age more than 35 years with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending the Diabetology Outpatient Department at Government Vellore Medical College and Hospital for a period of 6 months. Sample Size-The sample size was estimated through convenient sampling method. After satisfying the inclusion criteria, the total number of patients included in the study was 100. The selected patients underwent detailed clinical and biochemical evaluations. The results were calculated using SPSS V 16 Software and were expressed in percentage. RESULTSThe sample size of the study was 100. Maximum patients with diabetes were between 41 -60 years of age. 70% of patients had duration of diabetes < 5 yrs. Of the total number of patients 72% were found to be hypertensive, 57% were found to be obese, 20% of the study population were smokers and 74% were found to have hypercholesterolaemia which was found to be the highest risk factor followed by hypertension. The prevalence of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy were 34%, 20% and 32% respectively. The most common microvascular complication was retinopathy. Among the newly diagnosed DM patients, the prevalence of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy were 34%, 24% and 24% respectively. Among the macrovascular complications the prevalence of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease was found to be 36%, 6% and 10% respectively. The most common macrovascular complication was CAD. CONCLUSIONIn this study 53% of patients were males and 47% were females, all of them being above 35 years of age. The mean age of the patients was 54 years. The highest number of patients with diabetes was in the age group of 51 -60 years. 70% of patients had duration of diabetes < 5 years. Hypertension was found in 72% of patients. KEYWORDS