Evaluation of Main Factors for Improvement of the Scandium Leaching Process from Russian Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) in Carbonate Media

Boyarintsev, A. V.; Aung, Htet Ye; Степанов, С. И.; Shoustikov, Andrei; Иванов, П. И.; Giganov, V. G.

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c04580

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…CaSO 4 can further hinder the dissolution of REEs, as it encloses (Figure 7a) partially or totally the particles of the raw RM. The co-precipitation of REEs with CaSO 4 can also occur according to earlier studies [40] because they are physically entrapped. The dissolution of katoite and cancrinite also lead to an increase in pH that results in the REE hydrolysis.…”

Section: Solid Residue Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 65%

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

et al. 2022

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Bauxite residue, also known as red mud (RM), from alumina production is the most promising technogenic material for the production of scandium (Sc) and other rare earth elements (REEs). Conveniently, RM is processed by using a strong acid (pH < 2.5), which lead to co-dissolution of iron and other undesirable major components. In this work, for the first time, the possibility of selective extraction of scandium from red mud by using highly diluted acid (pH > 4) in the presence of MgSO4 was shown. The effect of temperature (40–80 °C), time (0–60 min), pH (2–5), and the MgSO4 concentration (12–36 g L−1) on Sc extraction efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that Sc extraction was higher than 63% even at a pH of 4, at 80 °C, after 1 h, while more than 80% could be extracted at a pH of 2. Iron extraction reduced from 7.7 to 0.03% by increasing the pH from 2 to 4. The kinetics study using the shrinking core model (SCM) has shown that diffusion through a product layer is a rate-limiting stage of the process at high temperatures (>60 °C) and low pH (<3), whereas, at lower temperatures and higher pH values, the leaching rate is limited by diffusion through the liquid film.

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Section: Solid Residue Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 65%

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

et al. 2022

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“…Using the stability constants of the complexes in the formula, rewrite the expression (16) as follows: (17) where β-concentration constants of stability of complexes, and [L]-ligand concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way of large-scale waste treatment is based on using carbonate media as directly alkali metals or ammonia carbonate solution [14,15] or as carbon dioxide in alkali media wastes [16,17]. In the case of red mud, carbon dioxide influence allows to recover scandium into an alkali carbonate solution in the form of carbonate complexes [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Formation of Rare-Earth Elements in Carbonate–Alkaline Media

2023

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Rare earth metals are critical components for many industries. The extraction of rare earth metals from mineral raw materials presents many problems, both of a technological and theoretical nature. The use of man-made sources imposes strict requirements on the process. Thermodynamic and kinetic data that could describe the most detailed technological water–salt leaching and precipitation systems are insufficient. The study addresses the problem of a small amount of data on the formation and equilibrium of carbonate–alkali systems of rare earth metals. Isotherms of solubility of sparingly soluble carbonates with the formation of carbonate complexes are presented to evaluate equilibrium constants logK at zero ionic strength for Nd −11.3, Sm −8.6, Gd −8.0, and Ho −7.3. To accurately predict the system under consideration, a mathematical model was developed, which allows to calculate the water–salt composition. The initial data for calculation are concentration constants of stability of lanthanide complexes. This work will contribute to deepening knowledge about rare earth elements extraction problems and will serve as a reference for studying the thermodynamics of water–salt systems.

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“…Figure 3 shows some of the available data for scandium contents in bauxite used for scandium extraction in Russia (Boyarintsev et al, 2022). For other mother materials, only anecdotical information is available (Duyvesteyn et al, 2014).…”

Section: About Scandium Production and Resources For Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the supply dynamics of scandium, global resources, production, oxide and metal price, a prospective modelling study using WORLD7

Sverdrup,

Sverdrup

2023

Preprint

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The scandium production rate and price data for scandium oxide and scandium metal was extracted from various sources. Data for extractable resources of scandium were found and evaluated by application of estimated yields. The feasible extractable resource is about 6.1 million ton, and with present technology, about 676,000 ton scandium appear as potentially extractable. The potential for scandium extraction is about 1,500 ton/year at present, but only about 45 ton per year was produced in 2022. With improved extraction and access yields, production could be increased to about 450 ton per year, and the scandium resource would increase to about 1.5 million ton. The investigation suggests that there will be an increased demand for scandium metal in the future, but that it is limited by the high price and the lack of a properly functioning market and by a lack of production infrastructure. The scandium market show signs of being disorganized and unstructured. Modelling of future scandium production was done using the WORLD7 integrated assessment model, after development of a scandium module. Simulations show that the price will remain relatively high, but lower than in the past. The most uncertain factor for predicting the price is the size of the demand. The main limitation for making scandium metal is high energy costs and low extraction yields.

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Evaluation of Main Factors for Improvement of the Scandium Leaching Process from Russian Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) in Carbonate Media

Cited by 7 publications

References 50 publications

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

Complex Formation of Rare-Earth Elements in Carbonate–Alkaline Media

On the supply dynamics of scandium, global resources, production, oxide and metal price, a prospective modelling study using WORLD7

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