Evaluation of Iron in Serum and Urine and their Relation with Thyroid Function in Female Goitrous Patients

Abstract

In many developing countries, women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Iron deficiency adversely affects thyroid metabolism and may decrease the efficiency of thyroid hormones in areas of endemic goiter. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of iron (Fe) in biological samples (serum and urine) and serum thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxin (FT4) of goitrous female patients (GFPs; n = 69) with those of nongoitrous women as control subjects (n = 117), age range 21-45 years. The biological samples were analyzed for Fe concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, prior to microwave-assisted wet acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the method was checked by the certified sample and with those obtained by conventional wet acid digestion method on the same CRM and real samples. The overall recoveries of Fe in serum and urine were found in the range of 97.2-98.6% of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Fe in serum and urine samples of GFPs were significantly reduced as compared to control subjects (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015, respectively). The mean values of FT3 and FT4 were found to be lower in GFPs than in the age-matched healthy control women; in contrast, high mean values of TSH were detected in GFPs (p = 0.003). There was a positive correlation between serum Fe concentration and TSH (r = 0.85, p = 0.01), FT3 (r = 0.95, p = 0.003), and FT4 levels (r = 0.98, p = 0.007) in GFPs. It was observed that iron deficiency is prevalent in GFPs, so the need of Fe supplementation will be required to improve the efficacy of thyroid metabolism in goitrous women.

Interaction of Copper with Iron, Iodine, and Thyroid Hormone Status in Goitrous Patients

“…In addition to proper nutrition, fluctuations in hormone levels may also act as a trigger in thyroid dysfunction, resulting in a sub-clinical thyroid imbalance in the body of both GMPs and GFPs. The consumption of a predominantly cereal-based diet, rich in phytate, oxalate, phosphate, and fiber enhance the Cu absorption which increases the Cu bioavailability, which was the main cause of Cu elevation in understudy patients [29]. It was reported that the phytic acid in humans inhibit absorption of Fe, I, Zn, calcium, magnesium, and manganese but not Cu [30].…”

“…This is plausible because approximately 90% of ingested I is excreted in the urine whereas the remaining 10% is excreted in feces, however, with large inter-individual differences. Severe I deficiency may result in goiter [29] and cretinism. The results of our study substantiate growing concerns that dietary I deficiency is increasing in understudy area.…”

Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children Can Normalize after Changes in Dietary Intake

“…Parents were advised to follow it for at least 3 months. These foods were chosen because they are rich in the most important nutrients for thyroid: iron, vitamin A, and, to a lesser extent, iodine [13][14][15]24]. Table 1 shows the nutrients of …”

“…Several studies have been carried out examining the influence of specific nutrients on the thyroid, for example iron, iodine, and vitamin A [13][14][15]. These studies show that good iron, iodine, and vitamin A status are necessary for proper thyroid function.…”

Лікування Карієсу Зубів У Дітей Із Дифузним Нетоксичним Зобом

“…Індекс КПВ у 12-річних дітей із дифузним нетоксичним зобом на момент початку зумовлює особливості йодного обміну та його зміни в різних геохімічних умовах [3, [5][6][7][8][9].…”