Evaluation of Iodine Content in Table Salt Consumed in Democratic Republic of Congo

Kitwa, Kayumba E; Habimana, Laurence; Lumbu, Simbi J B; Donnen, Philippe; Twite, K.; Mpoyo, Kasongo E; Nayer, Philippe De; Kalenga, M.; Robert, Annie

doi:10.1177/156482651203300307

Cited by 12 publications

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References 12 publications

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“…The estimated proportion of households with an adequate level of iodine in Arba Minch town, 52.8%, was higher compared to the sub-national estimate for SNNPR, 13.7% [7], and also compared to a study in Wolaita zone, 37.7% [9]. Our sample, however, was restricted to households located in an urban area, and different studies reported a higher level of iodine content in urban than rural areas [9,[13][14][15]. Consistent with our finding, a study in southwest Ethiopia, Dera district, reported that 57.4% of households had an adequately iodized salt (≥ 15 ppm) [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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Objective: This study aimed to assess the availability of adequately iodized salt at a household level and associated factors in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia using the gold standard technique, the iodometric titration.Results: 41.8% (95% CI (confidence interval) 38.6 to 45.1) of households had inadequately iodized salt, and 9.3% (95% CI 7.5 to 11.4) had an iodine content below 10 ppm (parts per million). Compared to households with a monthly income of greater than 2000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr), households with a monthly income between 1000 ETB to 2000 ETB (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.52, 95% CI 0.390.36 to 00.77) and main food handlers aged 30 years or above compared to those aged less than 20 years of age (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91) had higher odds of having adequately iodized salt. Food handler's knowledge and practice were not found to be correlated with the availability of adequately iodized salt in household salt.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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“…In a study on iodine content of salt table that we conducted with our colleagues in Lubumbashi, Kitwa et al found that median iodine content was lower than the minimum threshold of 15 ppm in >36 % of samples, and that there was still non-iodized salt commercialized in Lubumbashi ( 17 ) . They also found lower iodine content values in rural areas: the proportion of non-iodized salt commercialized was greater than in urban and semi-urban areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…No data are available in Congolese pregnant women, despite the increase in iodine needs in this particular group. In a study by Kitwa et al , median iodine content of table salt consumed by women in Lubumbashi was found to be between 19·0 and 20·5 ppm; and non-iodized salt was still commercialized, as 13·9 % of table salt samples had no detectable iodine ( 17 ) . In a pilot study conducted in 2007, we measured UIC in spot urine samples from fifty pregnant women attending antenatal consultations, and we observed 42 % of women with UIC below 150 μg/l, 26 % with UIC between 150 μg/l and 249 μg/l, 26 % with UIC between 250 μg/l and 499 μg/l, and 6 % with UIC above 500 μg/l (MK Kalenga and A Robert, unpublished results).…”

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confidence: 99%

Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Habimana

Twite

Wallemacq

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Adequate iodine and Fe intakes are imperative during pregnancy to prevent fetal defects, but such data are not available in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We aimed to assess iodine and Fe status in pregnant women from Lubumbashi. Design: Cross-sectional study. We measured urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in random urine samples using a modified Sandell-Kolthoff digestion method; the WHO reference medians were used to classify iodine intake as deficient, adequate, more than adequate or excessive. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured by immunoenzymatic assay and considered insufficient when ,12 ng/ml. Setting: Maternity units from rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Subjects: Two hundred and twenty-five randomly selected pregnant women attending prenatal consultation, seventy-five postpartum women and seventy-five non-pregnant women as controls. Results: Overall median UIC in pregnant women was 138 (interquartile range: 105-172) mg/l, indicating iodine deficiency, whereas postpartum and nonpregnant women had adequate iodine intake: median UIC 5 144 mg/l and 204 mg/l, respectively. Median UIC values were lower in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy: in the first, second and third trimester respectively 255 mg/l, 70 mg/l and 88 mg/l in the rural area; 306 mg/l, 166 mg/l and 68 mg/l in the semi-urban area; and 203 mg/l, 174 mg/l and 99 mg/l in the urban area. Fe was insufficient in 39 % of pregnant women compared with 21 % of non-pregnant and postpartum women. In the third trimester, deficiencies in both iodine and Fe were high: 40 %, 12 % and 18 % in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas, respectively. Conclusions: Our data suggest that pregnant women are at risk of iodine and Fe deficiencies in Lubumbashi. Country policies fighting against iodine and Fe deficiencies during pregnancy should be reinforced.

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“…In Morocco, Zahidi et al reported no significant difference in iodine concentration between urban and rural areas [21]. However, in Democratic Republic of Congo and Pakistan, the results reported by Kitwa et al and Bhutta et al, respectively, revealed differences between rural areas and urban area with higher percentages of compliance in this latter [22,23]. Iodized salts from Senegalese households showed lower level of compliance with the recommended WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD level (15 ppm) than that from households of some sub-Saharan countries except Niger and Ghana [17,18,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

et al. 2021

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Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

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Evaluation of Iodine Content in Table Salt Consumed in Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract: Background. DR Congo has adopted universal salt iodization to reduce disorders due to iodine deficiency. Since 1994, only (IQR, 19.0 ppm (IQR, in semiurban areas, and 20.1 ppm (IQR,

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

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