Evaluation of IL-1β and IL-6 Expression following EBNA-1 and BRLF-1 Peptide Treatment in Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Kianfar, Roya; Ravanshad, Mehrdad; Ghiass, Mohammad Adel; Rafiee, Nastaran; Shayeghpour, Ali; Maleki, Afshin

doi:10.1159/000522577

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…Elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 have also been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis [ 79 , 80 ]. Peripheral blood cells taken from multiple sclerosis patients respond by secreting these cytokines upon stimulation with EBV antigens [ 76 , 81 ]. An in vitro study supports an upregulation of IL6 expression upon EBV infection [ 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein–Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels

Duque

Mendoza

Morán

et al. 2023

IJMS

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EBV and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cause highly prevalent persistent infections as early as in childhood. Both pathogens are associated with gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori interferes with iron metabolism, enhancing the synthesis of acute-phase proteins hepcidin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and α-1 glycoprotein (AGP), but we do not know whether EBV does the same. In this study, we correlated the EBV antibody levels and the serum levels of hepcidin, CRP, and AGP in 145 children from boarding schools in Mexico City. We found that children IgG positive to EBV antigens (VCA, EBNA1, and EA) presented hepcidin, AGP, and CRP levels higher than uninfected children. Hepcidin and AGP remained high in children solely infected with EBV, while CRP was only significantly high in coinfected children. We observed positive correlations between hepcidin and EBV IgG antibodies (p < 0.5). Using the TCGA gastric cancer database, we also observed an association between EBV and hepcidin upregulation. The TCGA database also allowed us to analyze the two important pathways controlling hepcidin expression, BMP–SMAD and IL-1β/IL-6. We observed only the IL-1β/IL-6-dependent inflammatory pathway being significantly associated with EBV infection. We showed here for the first time an association between EBV and enhanced levels of hepcidin. Further studies should consider EBV when evaluating iron metabolism and anemia, and whether in the long run this is an important mechanism of undernourishment and EBV gastric carcinogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein–Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels

Duque

Mendoza

Morán

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities – a narrative review

Lorkiewicz,

Waszkiewicz

2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the associated mental health complications have renewed scholarly interest in the relationship between viral infections and the development of mental illnesses, a topic that was extensively discussed in the previous century in the context of other viruses, such as influenza. The most probable and analyzable mechanism through which viruses influence the onset of mental illnesses is the inflammation they provoke. Both infections and mental illnesses share a common characteristic: an imbalance in inflammatory factors. In this study, we sought to analyze and compare cytokine profiles in individuals infected with viruses and those suffering from mental illnesses. The objective was to determine whether specific viral diseases can increase the risk of specific mental disorders and whether this risk can be predicted based on the cytokine profile of the viral disease. To this end, we reviewed existing literature, constructed cytokine profiles for various mental and viral diseases, and conducted comparative analyses. The collected data indicate that the risk of developing a specific mental illness cannot be determined solely based on cytokine profiles. However, it was observed that the combination of IL-8 and IL-10 is frequently associated with psychotic symptoms. Therefore, to assess the risk of mental disorders in infected patients, it is imperative to consider the type of virus, the mental complications commonly associated with it, the predominant cytokines to evaluate the risk of psychotic symptoms, and additional patient-specific risk factors.

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Evaluation of IL-1β and IL-6 Expression following EBNA-1 and BRLF-1 Peptide Treatment in Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Cited by 2 publications

References 40 publications

Epstein–Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels

Epstein–Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels

Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities – a narrative review

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