Evaluation of General Toxicity, Anti-Oxidant Activity and Effects of Ficus Carica Leaves Extract on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries in Isolated Heart of Rat

Allahyari, Saeideh; Delazar, Abbas; Najafi, Moslem

doi:10.5681/apb.2014.085

Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin; eISSN 2251-7308 2014

DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.085

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Evaluation of General Toxicity, Anti-Oxidant Activity and Effects of Ficus Carica Leaves Extract on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries in Isolated Heart of Rat

Saeideh Allahyari

Abbas Delazar

Moslem Najafi

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Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Supplementary File S1: detailed list of top 100 NCBI BLAST hits on the two chains from BGEsp from N. javanicus , Supplementary File S2: list of all plants slow lorises have been observed eating as well as potential medicinal/toxic effects that may contribute to the venom system and Supplementary File S3: Proposed research agenda for the slow loris venom system. References [ 64 ] are cited in Supplementary File S1 and references [ 56 , 101 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 ,…”

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confidence: 99%

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Fitzpatrick,

Ligabue-Braun,

Nekaris

2023

Toxins

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Since the early 2000s, studies of the evolution of venom within animals have rapidly expanded, offering new revelations on the origins and development of venom within various species. The venomous mammals represent excellent opportunities to study venom evolution due to the varying functional usages, the unusual distribution of venom across unrelated mammals and the diverse variety of delivery systems. A group of mammals that excellently represents a combination of these traits are the slow (Nycticebus spp.) and pygmy lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.) of south-east Asia, which possess the only confirmed two-step venom system. These taxa also present one of the most intriguing mixes of toxic symptoms (cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity) and functional usages (intraspecific competition and ectoparasitic defence) seen in extant animals. We still lack many pieces of the puzzle in understanding how this venom system works, why it evolved what is involved in the venom system and what triggers the toxic components to work. Here, we review available data building upon a decade of research on this topic, focusing especially on why and how this venom system may have evolved. We discuss that research now suggests that venom in slow lorises has a sophisticated set of multiple uses in both intraspecific competition and the potential to disrupt the immune system of targets; we suggest that an exudate diet reveals several toxic plants consumed by slow and pygmy lorises that could be sequestered into their venom and which may help heal venomous bite wounds; we provide the most up-to-date visual model of the brachial gland exudate secretion protein (BGEsp); and we discuss research on a complement component 1r (C1R) protein in saliva that may solve the mystery of what activates the toxicity of slow and pygmy loris venom. We conclude that the slow and pygmy lorises possess amongst the most complex venom system in extant animals, and while we have still a lot more to understand about their venom system, we are close to a breakthrough, particularly with current technological advances.

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confidence: 99%

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Fitzpatrick,

Ligabue-Braun,

Nekaris

2023

Toxins

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Assessment of the quality parameters of microwave-dried Ficus carica Linn leaves

Yılmaz

Demırhan

Özbek

2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Nutritional profile, phytochemical characterization, and biological activities of Tunisian cultivar Ficus carica zidi leaves

Ben Achour Harrabi,

Taamalli,

Jiljli

et al. 2024

Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr

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Evaluation of General Toxicity, Anti-Oxidant Activity and Effects of Ficus Carica Leaves Extract on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries in Isolated Heart of Rat

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Assessment of the quality parameters of microwave-dried Ficus carica Linn leaves

Nutritional profile, phytochemical characterization, and biological activities of Tunisian cultivar Ficus carica zidi leaves

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