Evaluation of fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

Sun, Cong; Zou, Xiaoqiang; Yao, Yunping; Jin, Jun; Yuan, Xia; Huang, Jianhua; Jin, Qingzhe; Wang, Xingguo

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.015

Cited by 59 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…21 Bovine milk fat, a rich source of palmitic acid, is also used, with increasing popularity. 22 Whereas palm oil or bovine milk fat based formulas can be designed to have a comparable FA composition, the FA distribution on the TAGs differs. In bovine milk fat a higher percentage of palmitic acid is positioned at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, compared to a representative fat blend containing palm oil (40-45% vs 10-20% respectively).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phasein vitrodigestion

et al. 2019

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phasein vitrodigestion

et al. 2019

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“…The fatty acid composition of infant formulae is reported in a previous study [3]. A total of 181 formulae from 27 brands were collected; the tested formulae account for 75% of the Chinese infant formulae market.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human milk fat is one of the most complex natural lipids with a unique fatty acids (FAs) composition. Nervonic acid (24:1 n-9, NA) is a very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (>C 20 ) that naturally occurs in human milk (less than 2%) [3], but it has been rarely studied in the field of human nutrition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of Nervonic Acid in Human Milk in the First 30 Days of Lactation: Influence of Lactation Stages and Comparison with Infant Formulae

Yuan

Zhang

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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Nervonic acid (24:1 n-9, NA) plays a crucial role in the development of white matter, and it occurs naturally in human milk. This study aims to quantify NA in human milk at different lactation stages and compare it with the NA measured in infant formulae. With this information, optimal nutritional interventions for infants, especially newborns, can be determined. In this study, an absolute detection method that uses experimentally derived standard curves and methyl tricosanoate as the internal standard was developed to quantitively analyze NA concentration. The method was applied to the analysis of 224 human milk samples, which were collected over a period of 3–30 days postpartum from eight healthy Chinese mothers. The results show that the NA concentration was highest in colostrum (0.76 ± 0.23 mg/g fat) and significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in mature milk (0.20 ± 0.03 mg/g fat). During the first 10 days of lactation, the change in NA concentration was the most pronounced, decreasing by about 65%. Next, the NA contents in 181 commercial infant formulae from the Chinese market were compared. The NA content in most formulae was <16% of that found in colostrum and less than that found in mature human milk (p < 0.05). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed among NA content in formulae with different fat sources. Special attention was given to the variety of n-9 fatty acids in human milk during lactation, and the results indicated that interindividual variation in NA content may be primarily due to endogenous factors, with less influence from the maternal diet.

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“…Non-aqueous reverse phase (NARP) mainly relies on carbon chain lengths and double bond numbers to separate TG molecules with different equivalent carbon number (ECN), which is defined as the total carbon number in the acyl chains minus two times the number of double bonds in fatty acyl chains. In general, a molecule with a short fatty acid chain will elute before a long-chain molecule, and a molecule with a high degree of unsaturation will elute before a highly saturated molecule [10,11]. As most natural TG molecules contain fatty acids in the range of C 16 –C 22 , the utilization of a C 18 stationary phase will allow the maximum separation of TG molecules [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Profiles of Big Eye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Bighead Carp (Aristichthysnobilis) Heads

et al. 2019

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Big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are three representative marine and fresh water fishes. In this study, the content of total lipids (TL), triglyceride (TG) fraction, and the fatty acid profiles in the corresponding fish heads were analyzed. Meanwhile, their complicated TG molecular species were further characterized. The results showed that TG was the major lipid in these three fish heads (60.58–86.69%). Compared with other two fish heads, big eye tuna head was the most abundant in polyunsaturated fatty acids, among which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for 64.29% and 32.77% in the TL and TG fraction, respectively. It is also worth noting that EPA+DHA/total fatty acid (TFA) value of TL and TG fraction from bighead carp head showed no significant difference with Atlantic salmon head, a typical marine fish. There were 146 TG molecules detected in big eye tuna head, 90 in Atlantic salmon and 87 in bighead carp heads. DHA or EPA accounted for 56.12%, 22.88%, and 5.46% of the total TG molecules in these three fish heads, respectively. According to principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis and the constructed heat map, the three samples could be completely differentiated based on their TG molecule fingerprints. This study is the first to compare marine and fresh water fish from the perspective of their heads’ fatty acid and TG molecule profiles.

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Evaluation of fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

Cited by 59 publications

References 46 publications

Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phasein vitrodigestion

Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phasein vitrodigestion

Quantification of Nervonic Acid in Human Milk in the First 30 Days of Lactation: Influence of Lactation Stages and Comparison with Infant Formulae

Comparison of the Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Profiles of Big Eye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Bighead Carp (Aristichthysnobilis) Heads

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