Evaluation of Biochemical, Genetic and Hematological Biomarkers in a Commercial Catfish Rhamdia quelen Exposed to Diclofenac

Abstract

Juveniles Rhamdia quelen fish species were exposed to diclofenac for 96 h at concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 20 μg/L. Biochemical, genetic, and hematological biomarkers were assessed in the liver, kidney, and blood in order to evaluate the toxic effects. No oxidative stress was observed in liver. In kidney the superoxide dismutase activity increased in all concentrations, suggesting an alteration in the hydrogen peroxide production, but DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were not detected. Diclofenac exposure increased the red blood cells number at concentrations of 0.2 and 2 μg/L, and monocytes and neutrophils at 2 and 20 μg/L, respectively. These results suggest that acute exposure to diclofenac, even at low concentrations, caused hematologic and renal enzymatic alterations in R. quelen.

Inhibition of immune responses and related proteins in Rhamdia quelen exposed to diclofenac

“…Inflammatory reactions are common in fish, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In vivo exposure to diclofenac caused reduced counts of circulating leukocyte and reduced leukocyte migration [17]. Previous studies have shown that diclofenac exposure reduced nitric oxide production in primary cultures of leukocytes [16].…”

“…Previous studies have shown that diclofenac exposure reduced nitric oxide production in primary cultures of leukocytes [16]. In vivo exposure to diclofenac caused reduced counts of circulating leukocyte and reduced leukocyte migration [17]. Diclofenac also increased hepatic oxidative stress [18] in Hoplias malabaricus.…”

“…Diclofenac exposure concentrations were based on a previous study [17] and are representative of concentrations detected in the aquatic environment: 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mg/L. Rhamdia quelen (80 AE 10 g) were purchased from Krahu Commercial Farm.…”

“…In each experiment, 5 fish per tank were exposed to each treatment (0, 0.2, 2.0, and 20 mg/L of diclofenac); the experiment was replicated 8 times. One-third of the water in each tank was replaced twice daily to maintain the diclofenac concentration, based on a previous study [17].…”

Histopathological and HPLC Analysis in the Hepatic Tissue of Pangasius sp. Exposed to Diclofenac

“…The pharmaceutical agent diclofenac is concluded to induce oxidative stress on the common carp C. carpio, with the highest incidence of oxidative damage occurring in liver and gill. Acute exposure to diclofenac, even at low concentrations, caused hematologic and renal enzymatic alterations in R. quelen [22]. When Cyprinus carpio was exposed to diclofenac and clofibric acid, it was found that there were significant changes [23].…”