Evaluation of a single dose of half strength inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults

Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines

“…We identified 60 eligible articles published between 1987 and 2006 describing inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine immunogenicity studies conducted in the United States, Canada, Europe, Israel, and Russia 10 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 . We included 129 independent study arms of which 119 reported data on response to A/H1N1, 109 on influenza B, and 108 on A/H3N2 vaccine strains (Table 1).…”

Intradermal delivery of vaccines: potential benefits and current challenges

“…In these cases it is possible that a reduced dose delivered by the standard route would also have resulted in an equivalent immune response, as has been reported with some influenza vaccines. 26,27 Furthermore, the majority of dose-sparing trials have for reasons of practical simplicity delivered 10% or 20% of the standard dose intradermally. Finer dose-titrations such as those performed with influenza vaccines have shown that less-dramatic reductions in dose, such as a 40% reduction, might be more realistic.…”

New technologies for influenza vaccines

“…All low doses (3, 6, or 9 mg), whether given intradermally or intramuscularly, were almost as immunogenic as the standard dose of 15 mg given intramuscularly. 126 These data confirmed that one half dose of trivalent seasonal vaccine given intramuscularly was as immunogenic as a full dose in boosting an influenza-specific antibody response, 127 although this boosting effect was less pronounced in people older than 50 y of age. 128 More recently, intradermal vaccination against influenza was extensively re-evaluated in a randomized, controlled study in 1107 subjects aged greater than 60 y, who received either 15 mg of HA intramuscularly or intradermally or 21 mg of HA, always in 0.1 ml volume.…”

“…Indeed, local inflammatory reactions (such as erythema) are significantly more frequent after intradermal than after intramuscular vaccination. [119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130] It is likely that these reactions are immunologically mediated, since they have been less frequently observed in immunocompromised subjects receiving influenza vaccine intradermally. 125 Microneedles and microstructures.…”