Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Clauß, John; Stinner, Sebastian; Solli, Christian; Lindberg, Karen Byskov; Madsen, Henrik; Georges, Laurent

doi:10.3390/en12071345

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…This led to a significant correction toward a reduction in the resulting CO 2 emissions. In future work, the emission factor change during the day and over the year in various situations should be considered, and the marginal emission factor should be calculated for the specific subcategories of the national building stock, including forecasting future scenarios related to the future composition of the power sector, flexibility and smartness of the energy grid, and flexibility and smartness of the buildings (as leading examples of these studies, see Kiss et al [53] or Clauß et al [54]).…”

Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Czech Building Stock: Renovation Wave Scenarios and Potential for CO2 Savings until 2050

Lupíšek

Trubačík²,

Holub³

2021

Energies

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One of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases is the operation of building stock. Improving its energy efficiency has the potential to significantly contribute to achieving climate change mitigation targets. The purpose of this study was to roughly estimate such potential for the operation of the national building stock of Czechia to steer the national debate on the development of related national plans. The estimation is based on a simplified energy model of the Czech building stock that consists of sub-models of residential and nonresidential building stocks, for which their future energy consumptions, shares of energy carriers and sources, and emission factors were modeled in four scenarios. Uncertainties from the approximation of the emission factors were investigated in a sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the operation of the Czech building stock in 2016 totaled 36.9 Mt CO2, which represented 34.6% of the total national carbon dioxide emissions. The four building stock scenarios could produce reductions in the carbon dioxide emissions of between 28% and 93% by 2050, when also considering on-side production from photovoltaics. The implementation of the most ambitious scenario would represent a drop in national CO2 yearly emissions by 43.2% by 2050 (compared to 2016).

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Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Czech Building Stock: Renovation Wave Scenarios and Potential for CO2 Savings until 2050

Lupíšek

Trubačík²,

Holub³

2021

Energies

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“…Not only does the applied methodology allow for the calculation of conversion factors that have an hourly temporal resolution, consider future evolutions in the electricity mix and take into account imports, but it also has a broad geographical scope (covering 28 European countries). This is another element that is beneficial to support future research, because many contemporary studies still make use of conversion factors that refer only to a single country [5,42,[45][46][47][48]-even though the benefits of considering multiple conversion factors for a range of different countries have been widely demonstrated in other studies [3,9,28,49,50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Intensities and Primary Energy Factors in the Future European Electricity System

Hamels

2021

Energies

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The European Union strives for sharp reductions in both CO2 emissions as well as primary energy use. Electricity consuming technologies are becoming increasingly important in this context, due to the ongoing electrification of transport and heating services. To correctly evaluate these technologies, conversion factors are needed—namely CO2 intensities and primary energy factors (PEFs). However, this evaluation is hindered by the unavailability of a high-quality database of conversion factor values. Ideally, such a database has a broad geographical scope, a high temporal resolution and considers cross-country exchanges of electricity as well as future evolutions in the electricity mix. In this paper, a state-of-the-art unit commitment economic dispatch model of the European electricity system is developed and a flow-tracing technique is innovatively applied to future scenarios (2025–2040)—to generate such a database and make it publicly available. Important dynamics are revealed, including an overall decrease in conversion factor values as well as considerable temporal variability at both the seasonal and hourly level. Furthermore, the importance of taking into account imports and carefully considering the calculation methodology for PEFs are both confirmed. Future estimates of the CO2 emissions and primary energy use associated with individual electrical loads can be meaningfully improved by taking into account these dynamics.

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“…Due to both grid stability, economic and environmental benefits, day-ahead spot price-based control strategies have been proposed in recent papers [6][7][8], using occupancy mode detection and rule-based price control and Model Predictive Control (MPC) (a multivariate predictive control algorithm using a dynamic process model, constraints and a cost function to be minimized). In Reference [6], MPC is used with varying electricity prices to minimize the cost of operating a heat pump connected to a storage unit and a floor heating system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a higher resolution is needed to incorporate variations throughout the day (e.g., when people are at work). In the study in Reference [7] occupancy modes are used together with price signals to control a heat pump. The occupancy modes were developed in The Olympic Peninsula project [15] and describe work, night and home mode, each with a corresponding set point and price sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Heat Pumps with CO2 Emission Intensity Forecasts

et al. 2020

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An optimized heat pump control for building heating was developed for minimizing CO 2 emissions from related electrical power generation. The control is using weather and CO 2 emission forecasts as inputs to a Model Predictive Control (MPC)—a multivariate control algorithm using a dynamic process model, constraints and a cost function to be minimized. In a simulation study, the control was applied using weather and power grid conditions during a full-year period in 2017–2018 for the power bidding zone DK2 (East, Denmark). Two scenarios were studied; one with a family house and one with an office building. The buildings were dimensioned based on standards and building codes/regulations. The main results are measured as the CO 2 emission savings relative to a classical thermostatic control. Note that this only measures the gain achieved using the MPC control, that is, the energy flexibility, not the absolute savings. The results show that around 16% of savings could have been achieved during the period in well-insulated new buildings with floor heating. Further, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of various building properties, for example, level of insulation and thermal capacity. Danish building codes from 1977 and forward were used as benchmarks for insulation levels. It was shown that both insulation and thermal mass influence the achievable flexibility savings, especially for floor heating. Buildings that comply with building codes later than 1979 could provide flexibility emission savings of around 10%, while buildings that comply with earlier codes provided savings in the range of 0–5% depending on the heating system and thermal mass.

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Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Cited by 31 publications

References 48 publications

Czech Building Stock: Renovation Wave Scenarios and Potential for CO2 Savings until 2050

Czech Building Stock: Renovation Wave Scenarios and Potential for CO2 Savings until 2050

CO2 Intensities and Primary Energy Factors in the Future European Electricity System

Control of Heat Pumps with CO2 Emission Intensity Forecasts

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