Evaluation and management of prosthetic valve endocarditis

Mayer, Kenneth H.; Schoenbaum, Stephen C.

doi:10.1016/0033-0620(82)90003-2

Cited by 68 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…This complication is more prevalent within the first 2 years of valve replacement, with an incidence of 1–6% 6 . Isolated cases are still seen during the life span of these prosthetic valves 28,29 (Figure 5A,B). Presence of infection was found to be more common in patients whose valves were replaced due to damage inflicted by previous infective endocarditis.…”

Section: General Modes Of Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

Bioprosthetic heart valves: modes of failure

2009

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Valve replacement started in 1960, with the surgeon now having a significant variety of prosthetic heart valves from which to choose. These valves are broadly divided into mechanical heart valves (MHV) and bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV). Improvements in the performance and ease of usage of BHV without the need for anticoagulant therapy are among the desired features of BHV and hence the increasingly preferred choice over their mechanical counterparts. However, with increased use the post-implantation complications have become more apparent, and these include: calcification, cusp tears, pannus growth, infective endocarditis, valve thrombosis and other factors specific to valve type. In this review we describe these complications in order to bring awareness among surgeons, clinicians and pathologists. Diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures, if taken in a timely manner, can help reduce their impact and further enhance the quality of life of patients with prosthetic heart valves.

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Section: General Modes Of Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

Bioprosthetic heart valves: modes of failure

2009

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“…287,288 Infections also considerably increase medical costs. In the U.S. alone, costs of more than $ 3 billion are generated every year due to such infections.…”

Section: Silver-based Biomaterials In the Medicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanobio Silver: Its Interactions with Peptides and Bacteria, and Its Uses in Medicine

et al. 2013

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Introduction 4708 2. Peptides and Silver 4709 2.1. Silver Binding to Amino Acids and Peptides 4709 2.1.1. Silver Binding to Amino Acids − Theory 4709 2.1.2. Silver Binding to Amino Acids − Experiment 4711 2.1.3. Silver Binding to Peptides 4711 2.2. Natural Peptides Involved in Metal Detoxification 4714 2.3. Peptides for the Formation of Silver Nanostructures 4716 2.3.1. Biomineralization of Silver by Means of Peptides 4716 2.3.2. Peptides as Structure-Determining Scaffolds in the Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures 4721 3. Bacteria and Silver 4722 3.1. Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Containing Compounds 4722 3.1.1. Interactions with the Bacterial Cell Wall 4722 3.1.2. Interactions with DNA, Enzymes, and Membrane Proteins 4724 3.1.3. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 4725 3.2. Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms against Ag(I) 4726 3.2.1. Accumulation and Storage-Based Mechanism 4726 3.2.2. Efflux Pump-Based Mechanism 4727 3.3. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Means of Bacteria 4728 4. Silver-Based Biomaterials in the Medical Field 4730 4.1. Types of Silver-Containing Biomaterials 4731 4.1.1. Metallic Silver Coatings and Silver's Antimicrobial Efficiency 4731 4.1.2. Silver-Containing Nanocomposites 4732 4.1.3. Silver-Containing Polymers 4732 4.1.4. Surface Modification with Ionic Silver Compounds 4734 4.1.5. Hybrid Silver Materials − Synergistic Effects 4734 4.2. Deposition Processes 4735 4.3. Mechanical Properties 4736 5. Biocompatibility of Silver 4737 5.1. General Routes of Silver Exposure 4737 5.2. Exposure to Silver-Containing Medical Products 4737 5.2.1. Dermal Contact: Burn Wound Dressings 4737 5.2.2. Bone Contact: Orthopedic and Dental Implants and Bone-Filling Products 4738 5.2.3. Blood Contact: Implants Introduced into the Vascular System 4739 5.3. Effects of Silver Exposure on Tissues and Organs 4739 5.3.1. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Silver 4740 5.3.2. Tissue and Organ Damages 4740 5.3.3. Cellular Uptake of Silver 4741 5.4. Toxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles 4741 5.5. Silver Detoxification 4742 5.5.1. Sequestration of Silver Ions 4742 5.5.2. Silver Ion Transport by ATPase P-type Efflux Pumps 4743 6. Conflicting Evidence 4744 7. Conclusions 4744 Author Information 4744 Corresponding Author 4744 Notes 4744 Biographies 4745 Acknowledgments 4746 References 4746

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“…[32][33][34][35][36] The large majority are due to CoNS. 26,28,29 Obviously, pacemaker-associated infection does not always indicate simultaneous endocarditis. Cacoub et al 37 reported a large series of 33 patients with definite pacemaker endocarditis based upon surgery, autopsy or bacteriological findings of valvular vegetations or electrode-tip wire vegetation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…25 With the advent of mitral valvulotomy in the 1950s and later with prosthetic heart valve replacement and transvenous pacemakers, CoNS became major pathogens causing endocarditis in these patients. 4,5,26 Staphylococcus epidermidis is the CoNS species most often isolated; in recent series it constituted up to 91% of the isolates. 1,5,7 Staphylococcus warneri 27 and S. lugdunensis 1,7-10 have also been recorded etiologies of infective endocarditis caused by CoNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%