“…As classifying each pixel/voxel in a sliding window fashion results in orders of magnitude of redundant calculation, most of recent works [10,3] are based on Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) [7], which can process the input image in an end-to-end way and can provide a full resolution segmentation map [6]. In several biomedical image segmentation benchmarking competitions, methods built on CNNs [10,14] are on the top list of the associated leaderboard. Despite the fact that CNNs-based methods have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many different 2D medical image analysis tasks, in clinical practice, however, a large part of the medical imaging data available is in 3D.…”