“…The Lankford’s coefficient of the alloy was also predicted using the visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model [ 19 , 20 ]. In the model, which has been used extensively to successfully simulate plastic anisotropy of sheet metals [ 21 , 22 ], each grain within a polycrystalline material is treated as an elliptical visco-plastic inclusion embedded in an anisotropic homogeneous equivalent medium (HEM). In the VPSC model, the strain rate of individual grains can be described in the form of a power law, where , , , , , and n represent the strain rate within a grain, reference shear strain rate, the Schmid tensor associated with slip system s , the stress in the grain, the threshold stress associated with slip system s , and the rate-sensitivity related exponent, respectively.…”