European School of Oncology Advisory report to the European Commission for the “Europe Against Cancer Programme” European Code Against Cancer

Boyle, P.; Veronesi, Umberto; Tubiana, M; Alexander, FE; Silva, F.Calais da; Denis, L.; Freire, Juliana Mendonça; Hakama, M; Hirsch, A; Kroes, Roel; Vecchia, Carlo La; Maisonneuve, Patrick; Martín-Moreno, José M.; Newton-Bishop, Julia; Pindborg, J. J.; Saracci, Rodolfo; Scully, Crispian; Standaert, B; Storm, Hans; Blanco, S.; Malbois, R.; Bleehen, Norman M.; Dicato, M; Plesnicar, S

doi:10.1016/0959-8049(95)00334-f

Cited by 79 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Após esse período, o câncer do pulmão tornou-se cada vez mais freqüente em todo o mundo, transformando-se, no final do século 20, em um gravíssimo problema de saúde pública. Várias neoplasias estão relacionadas ao tabagismo: da cavidade oral, do pulmão, da bexiga, da laringe, do esôfago, do pâncreas, do colo uterino, do rim e do estômago, além da leucemia mielóide aguda (30) .…”

Section: I) Tabagismounclassified

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Epidemiologia do câncer do pulmão

Zamboni¹

2002

J. Pneumologia

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O câncer do pulmão, de doença rara no início do século XX, tornou-se a neoplasia mais letal em todo o mundo. Essa mudança se iniciou na segunda década do século, quando se observou que o número de casos vinha aumentando em todo o mundo. Somente na década de 1950 INTRODUÇÃODe doença rara no passado, o câncer do pulmão transformou-se na doença neoplásica mais comum e mais mortal, em todo o mundo. É, hoje em dia, a principal causa de morte por câncer entre os homens da América do Norte e da Europa; sua mortalidade vem aumentando, significativamente, entre as populações da Ásia, da Amé-

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Section: I) Tabagismounclassified

“…Parar de fumar -A interrupção do tabagismo reduz o risco do câncer do pulmão (28,(30)(31)(32)(33) . A diminuição do risco de se adoecer pelo câncer do pulmão depende do nú-mero de anos desde que o hábito de fumar foi abandonado, bem como da carga tabágica prévia (34)(35)(36) .…”

Section: I) Tabagismounclassified

Epidemiologia do câncer do pulmão

Zamboni¹

2002

J. Pneumologia

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“…For many years, women have been taught methods of breast selfexamination (BSE) and it is recommended that they practise this regularly (Boyle et al, 1995;Shapiro et al, 1998), usually every month. There is a belief that among women who practise BSE, those who develop breast cancer are more likely to find it at an earlier stage and this is expected to lead to earlier treatment and hence decrease their risk of dying from the disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Breast self-examination and death from breast cancer: a meta-analysis

2003

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Breast self-examination (BSE) is widely recommended for breast cancer prevention. Following recent controversy over the efficacy of mammography, it may be seen as an alternative. We present a meta-analysis of the effect of regular BSE on breast cancer mortality. From a search of the medical literature, 20 observational studies and three clinical trials were identified that reported on breast cancer death rates or rates of advanced breast cancer (a marker of death) according to BSE practice. A lower risk of mortality or advanced breast cancer was only found in studies of women with breast cancer who reported practising BSE before diagnosis (mortality: pooled relative risk 0.64, 95% CI 0.56 -0.73; advanced cancer, pooled relative risk 0.60, 95% CI 0.46 -0.80). The results are probably due to bias and confounding. There was no difference in death rate in studies on women who detected their cancer during an examination (pooled relative risk 0.90, 95% CI 0.72 -1.12). None of the trials of BSE training (in which most women reported practising it regularly) showed lower mortality in the BSE group (pooled relative risk 1.01, 95% CI 0.92 -1.12). They did show that BSE is associated with considerably more women seeking medical advice and having biopsies. Regular BSE is not an effective method of reducing breast cancer mortality. British Journal of Cancer (2003) For many years, women have been taught methods of breast selfexamination (BSE) and it is recommended that they practise this regularly (Boyle et al, 1995; Shapiro et al, 1998), usually every month. There is a belief that among women who practise BSE, those who develop breast cancer are more likely to find it at an earlier stage and this is expected to lead to earlier treatment and hence decrease their risk of dying from the disease. Breast selfexamination is appealing as a routine screening method because the examination has no financial cost (apart from the initial instruction sessions) and can be conducted in private. Most studies on the effectiveness of BSE have been observational. They suggest that women who practise BSE are more likely to find their breast tumour themselves, that the tumour tends to be smaller and that these women have an increased survival (Hackshaw, 1996; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2002). However, survival time as an outcome measure can be misleading because of lead-time bias, in which BSE only identifies cancers at an earlier stage but has no effect on prognosis. Using mortality rates instead of survival time can overcome much of this bias.Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002) published a review on breast-cancer screening that reported the individual results from observational studies of BSE in relation to survival and stage of cancer, and those from randomised trials and cohort studies in relation to mortality. We here, however, present a meta-analysis of BSE and breast-cancer mortality by reviewing the published evidence from both observational studies and randomised trials, including t...

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“…Furthermore, little is known about the health outcomes derived from exposure to complex mixtures of environmental pollutants that can interact with each other and with internal elements of the organism (American Cancer Society, 2014;Kortenkamp, 2006). In this regard, the European Code against Cancer emphasized the need to apply strict regulations aimed at preventing any exposure to known cancer-causing substances in order to decrease the cancer risk (Boyle et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: Preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up

Arrebola

Fernández

Martín‐Olmedo

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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There is an increasing trend in the incidence of cancer worldwide, and it has been accepted that environmental factors account for an important proportion of the global burden. The present paper reports preliminary findings on the influence of the historical exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants on total cancer risk, at year 9 in the follow-up of a cohort from Southern Spain.A cohort of 368 participants (median age 51 yrs) was recruited in 2003. Their historical exposure was estimated by analyzing residues of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue. Estimation of cancer incidence was based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable Cox-regression models.In males, PCB 153 concentrations were positively associated with total cancer risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.20 (1.01-1.41) for an increment of 100 ng/g lipid.Our preliminary findings suggest a potential relationship between the historical exposure to persistent organic pollutants and the risk of cancer in men. However, these results should be interpreted with caution and require verification during the future follow-up of this cohort.

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European School of Oncology Advisory report to the European Commission for the “Europe Against Cancer Programme” European Code Against Cancer

Cited by 79 publications

References 47 publications

Epidemiologia do câncer do pulmão

Epidemiologia do câncer do pulmão

Breast self-examination and death from breast cancer: a meta-analysis

Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: Preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up

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