EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum

Vettraino, Anna Maria; Potting, Roel; Raposo, Rosa

doi:10.3390/f9090568

Cited by 32 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…and Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziensii (Mirb.) Franco) seeds are subjected to specific phytosanitary requirements for import and internal movement (Vettraino et al 2018). In other parts of the world, the phytosanitary import requirements for seeds are often stricter to specifically prevent the introduction of seed-borne diseases (e.g., Canada, Australia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests?

Franić

Prospero

Hartmann

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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The international seed trade is considered relatively safe from a phytosanitary point of view and is therefore less regulated than trade in other plants for planting. However, the pests carried by traded seeds are not well known. We assessed insects and fungi in 58 traded seed lots of 11 gymnosperm and angiosperm tree species from North America, Europe, and Asia. Insects were detected by X‐raying and molecular methods. The fungal community was characterized using high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) and by growing fungi on non‐selective agar. About 30% of the seed lots contained insect larvae. Gymnosperms contained mostly hymenopteran (Megastigmus spp.) and dipteran (Cecidomyiidae) larvae, while angiosperms contained lepidopteran (Cydia latiferreana) and coleopteran (Curculio spp.) larvae. HTS indicated the presence of fungi in all seed lots and fungi grew on non‐selective agar from 96% of the seed lots. Fungal abundance and diversity were much higher than insect diversity and abundance, especially in angiosperm seeds. Almost 50% of all fungal exact sequence variants (ESVs) found in angiosperms were potential pathogens, in comparison with around 30% of potentially pathogenic ESVs found in gymnosperms. The results of this study indicate that seeds may pose a greater risk of pest introduction than previously believed or accounted for. A rapid risk assessment suggests that only a small number of species identified in this study is of phytosanitary concern. However, more research is needed to enable better risk assessment, especially to increase knowledge about the potential for transmission of fungi to seedlings and the host range and impact of identified species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests?

Franić

Prospero

Hartmann

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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“…Fusarium circinatum is included in the EPPO A2 list, which includes species present in the EPPO region but not widely distributed, and recommends their regulation as quarantine pathogens. Consequently, the presence of F. circinatum in a European country entails several restrictions (Vettraino et al, 2018). The European Union established emergency measures to prevent its introduction into, and spread within, the Community in 2007 (Commission Decision 2007/433/EC).…”

Section: Published Online 27 March 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

et al. 2019

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Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease‐free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.

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“…Pitch canker disease of pine trees and Douglas fir, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell (formerly known as Gibberella circinata ), is one of the most important pathogens of Pinus species and is listed as a quarantine or regulated pest in Europe and other regions of the world (Carrasco, Sanfuentes, Durán, & Valenzuela, ; Ganley, Watt, Kriticos, Hopkins, & Manning, ; Pfenning et al, ; Vettraino, Potting, & Raposo, ). The pathogen has been reported in most of the world's pine production zones, especially in those where Pinus radiata is intensively planted, either on adult forests or nurseries (EPPO, ; Wingfield et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pitch canker disease of pine trees and Douglas fir, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell (formerly known as Gibberella circinata), is one of the most important pathogens of Pinus species and is listed as a quarantine or regulated pest in Europe and other regions of the world (Carrasco, Sanfuentes, Durán, & Valenzuela, 2016;Ganley, Watt, Kriticos, Hopkins, & Manning, 2011;Pfenning et al, 2014;Vettraino, Potting, & Raposo, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of molecular detection of Fusarium circinatum in insects and passive spore traps in Pinus radiata plantations

Aguayo¹,

Fourrier‐Jeandel²,

Capdevielle

et al. 2020

Forest Pathology

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Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pitch canker, a destructive disease that threatens natural and planted pine forests around the world. Although pitch canker has caused problems in Spain and Portugal, concerning Europe as a whole, the fungus is not established across the pine distribution area. Its dispersion by wind and/or insect vectors could nevertheless play a role in the colonization of currently uninfected stands. It is therefore crucial to develop monitoring tools for its detection. To this end, we assessed the molecular detection of the pathogen in environmental samples of bark beetles and passive spore traps, collected in two infected Pinus radiata plantations in Basque country, Spain. The spread pattern of F. circinatum was assessed by an experimental design that included insect and spore traps installed at the centre, at the edge and outside the plots. Our results showed that F. circinatum was detected in both types of samples, at almost all collection dates. In both type of samples, positive detections were mainly found at the centre of the plots, a lower proportion at the edge, and very few outside. This suggests that long‐distance dispersion of Fusarium circinatum does not rely on wind spore dispersal neither on insect flight. Our study also shows that molecular methods are a powerful tool to monitor the pathogen in environmental samples.

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EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum

Cited by 32 publications

References 55 publications

Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests?

Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests?

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

Assessment of molecular detection of Fusarium circinatum in insects and passive spore traps in Pinus radiata plantations

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