EU Biofuel Policies for Road and Rail Transportation Sector

Drábik, Dušan; Venus, Thomas J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28642-2_14

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The European Commission, for instance, adopted the Biofuel Directive (2003/30/EC) in 2003 aiming to transition to 5.75% or above, biofuel in road transportation by 2010. The Renewable Energy Directive (RED I, 2009/28/EC) released in 2009, increased this amount to 10% by 2020 [ 37 , 38 ]. Boosted by subsidies, such directives [ 38 ] were thought to have led to a sharp increase of global biodiesel production from the mid-2000s (CAGR 22.3% from 2006 to 2013; Fig.…”

Section: Industrial Development and Key Research For Oleaginous Yeastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the second-generation biodiesel introduced non-edible plants, waste oils and animal fat as biodiesel precursors [ 255 ]. The EU approved a revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II): whilst increasing the biofuel fraction in transport to 14% by 2030, it is set to limit food and feed crops as feedstock (7%), phase out high indirect land use change (ILUC) risk feedstock such as palm oil, and increase “advanced” feedstock such as algae and bio-wastes (3.5%) [ 37 ]. This can give another boost to the developing yeast lipid technology.…”

Section: Yeast Lipid Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 69 million tonnes are produced annually which accounts for approximately a third of all vegetable oils [ 252 ]. Palm oil is primarily used for food purposes, in personal care products and increasingly for biofuels [ 37 , 38 , 264 ]. Mainly due to the palms’ high productivity per hectare (around four tonnes oil per hectare [ 265 ]), it is also the cheapest vegetable oil.…”

Section: Yeast Lipid Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research

Abeln

Chuck

2021

Microb Cell Fact

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Lipid-based biofuels, such as biodiesel and hydroprocessed esters, are a central part of the global initiative to reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector. The vast majority of production is currently from first-generation feedstocks, such as rapeseed oil, and waste cooking oils. However, the increased exploitation of soybean oil and palm oil has led to vast deforestation, smog emissions and heavily impacted on biodiversity in tropical regions. One promising alternative, potentially capable of meeting future demand sustainably, are oleaginous yeasts. Despite being known about for 143 years, there has been an increasing effort in the last decade to develop a viable industrial system, with currently around 100 research papers published annually. In the academic literature, approximately 160 native yeasts have been reported to produce over 20% of their dry weight in a glyceride-rich oil. The most intensively studied oleaginous yeast have been Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus (20% of publications), Rhodotorula toruloides (19%) and Yarrowia lipolytica (19%). Oleaginous yeasts have been primarily grown on single saccharides (60%), hydrolysates (26%) or glycerol (19%), and mainly on the mL scale (66%). Process development and genetic modification (7%) have been applied to alter yeast performance and the lipids, towards the production of biofuels (77%), food/supplements (24%), oleochemicals (19%) or animal feed (3%). Despite over a century of research and the recent application of advanced genetic engineering techniques, the industrial production of an economically viable commodity oil substitute remains elusive. This is mainly due to the estimated high production cost, however, over the course of the twenty-first century where climate change will drastically change global food supply networks and direct governmental action will likely be levied at more destructive crops, yeast lipids offer a flexible platform for localised, sustainable lipid production. Based on data from the large majority of oleaginous yeast academic publications, this review is a guide through the history of oleaginous yeast research, an assessment of the best growth and lipid production achieved to date, the various strategies employed towards industrial production and importantly, a critical discussion about what needs to be built on this huge body of work to make producing a yeast-derived, more sustainable, glyceride oil a commercial reality.

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Section: Industrial Development and Key Research For Oleaginous Yeastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yeast Lipid Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yeast Lipid Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research

Abeln

Chuck

2021

Microb Cell Fact

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“…Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are widely used to blend with gasoline and diesel in order to lower the reliance on fossil fuels. The United States [15] and the European Union [16] have various policy actions to accommodate biofuel substitution in the transportation sector in their territories. Usage of biofuels is primarily determined by biofuel crops available in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Road Transport to the Attainment of Ghana’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through Biofuel Integration

et al. 2022

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Since the Paris Agreement in COP21, many countries around the world, including Ghana and Thailand, have established a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with first update recently in COP26. With Ghana’s ongoing effort at COP26 to change its baseline to 2019, this study established a detailed Ghana vehicle ownership model with necessary transport parameters to construct an energy demand model to provide insight for reducing GHG emission contributions from road transport through biofuel (both bioethanol and biodiesel) potential by recourse to a Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP), with two scenarios of development from Thailand’s best practice for policy recommendation, which are alternative (ALT), with up to E20/B20, and extreme (EXT), with up to E85/B50, for new vehicles. In each case, energy demand and GHG emissions were analyzed from detailed data on Ghana’s transport sector to show potential benefit from biofuel usages. From Ghana’s transport sector contribution to NDC, 8.4% and 11.1% of GHG emission reduction in 2030 can be achieved with a 0.13% and 0.27% additional arable land requirement from ALT and EXT scenarios. Policy recommendation and implication were also discussed.

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“…The predominant driver for E10 as a motor fuel in the US has been the compliance with the volume and bending mandates contained in the US Renewable Fuel Standard. Similarly, the European Union (EU) has planned to replace 10% of the transport fuel of every EU country with renewable sources such as biofuels by 2020 [2]. E10 supplements petroleum sources with ethanol for the production of motor gasoline and hence adds to supply diversity, CO 2 emission reductions, and other benefits associated with renewable fuel use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Promising Alternative Mono-Alcohol Fuel Blend Components for Spark Ignition Engines

2020

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Alcohols are attractive fuel blendstocks for spark ignition engines due to their high octane values and potentially positive influence on performance and emission. Although methanol, ethanol, and butanol have been widely studied, other biomass-derived alcohols may have similar or better properties. However, it is not feasible to experimentally investigate the fuel potential of every molecule. The goals of this study were to develop a methodology for rapid screening of a fuel property database for mono-alcohols and to identify alcohols with the potential of blending to produce advantaged motor gasolines. A database was developed with 13 fuel properties of all saturated C1-C10 mono-alcohols. A decision framework was used to evaluate alcohols suitable for blending in gasoline for spark ignition engines in two scenarios: low-range (up to 15 vol%) blends and high-range (greater than 40 vol%) blends. The low-range blend cases resulted in the identification of 48 alcohols. In the case of high-range blending, only six alcohols were found to be suitable. This is the first study to systematically evaluate all C1-C10 saturated alcohols for blending with gasoline using relevant fuel properties. A novel aspect of this study is the evaluation of the influence of errors in predicted property values. These scenario screenings focus attention on a smaller number of promising candidate molecules, and the approach could be modified for other classes of fuel molecules, engine types, and fuel blending goals.

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EU Biofuel Policies for Road and Rail Transportation Sector

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research

The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research

Contribution of Road Transport to the Attainment of Ghana’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through Biofuel Integration

Identification of Promising Alternative Mono-Alcohol Fuel Blend Components for Spark Ignition Engines

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