Etiology of IBD—Is It Still a Mystery?

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including colitis ulcerosa and Crohn’s disease, are chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract for which the cause has not been fully understood. However, it is known that the etiology is multifactorial. The multidirectional network of interactions of environmental, microbiological and genetic factors in predisposed persons lead to an excessive and insufficiently inhibited reaction of the immune system, leading to the development of chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal walls, the consequence of which is the loss of the function that the intestine performs, inter alia, through the process of fibrosis. Detailed knowledge of the pathways leading to chronic inflammation makes it possible to pharmacologically modulate disorders and effectively treatthese diseases. In this review, we described the primary and adaptive immune system response in the gut and the known immune pathogenetic pathways leading to the development of IBD. We also described the process leading to intestinal tissue fibrosis, which is an irreversible consequence of untreated IBD.

The Emerging Role of Raman Spectroscopy as an Omics Approach for Metabolic Profiling and Biomarker Detection toward Precision Medicine

“…IBDs are chronic disorders characterized by intestinal inflammation and dysregulated gut immune response with loss of intestinal barrier function. 167,168 studies have found that in IBDs microbially derived metabolites impact multiple processes in patients including immune function and mucosal barrier integrity, 169 and that IBD pathogenesis is often driven by alteration of the gut microbiota. 170 Micrbiota-derived metabolites (Figure 5a) that have been implicated in IBDs in both mouse models 171 and patients 172 include short chain fatty acids, phospholipids and sphingolipids, bile acids, indole derivatives, and branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine), among others.…”

“…The utility of RS in early diagnosis of GI diseases has risen in the past decade specifically for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) that include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBDs are chronic disorders characterized by intestinal inflammation and dysregulated gut immune response with loss of intestinal barrier function. , IBDs currently have no cure, and there are limited treatment options for patients. Recent studies have found that in IBDs microbially derived metabolites impact multiple processes in patients including immune function and mucosal barrier integrity, and that IBD pathogenesis is often driven by alteration of the gut microbiota .…”

Novel Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: An Interplay between Metabolic Dysregulation and Excessive Inflammation

“…Drivers of IBD include a complex interplay of environmental, dietary, genetic, and microbial determinants, that will initiate and perpetuate inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract [ 7 ]. It can occur at any age, from early childhood to adulthood, and can have life-long complications.…”

10 years of biologic use patterns in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: treatment persistence, switching and dose intensification – a nationwide population-based study

“…1 Currently, the global prevalence of IBD is 90 cases per 100,000 people; this has increased by 31% from 1990 to 2017. 2,3 In South Korea, the prevalence of IBD also increased from 2010 to 2019, more than doubling in the span of 10 years, ranging from 15.1 to 36.9 per 100,000 for CD and 31.4 to 65.7 per 100,000 for UC. 4 Over the past decades, various therapeutics, including biologics and small molecules, have been developed, bringing significant clinical improvements and benefits compared to existing treatments.…”