Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and Ethylenethiourea: Possible Human Health Hazards

Houeto, P.; Bindoula, Gabriel; Hoffman, Jerome R.

doi:10.2307/3432432

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For the exposed subjects, an attempt was made to collect blood in the morning on a day exposure took place and to collect the first-void urine the morning of the next day from the same worker. The urinary elimination half-life of ETU in humans has been estimated to be approximately 32-100 hr, with highest levels excreted in the urine in the first 24 hr after exposure (4,5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.

Steenland

Cedillo

Tucker

et al. 1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides are used heavily in the United States. EBDCs (e.g., mancozeb, maneb) are metabolized to ethylene thiourea (ETU). The EPA classifies ETU as a carcinogen, based on thyroid and other cancers in rodents, and has restricted the use of EBDCs, while requiring workers to use protective equipment. There are no data on the potential carcinogenicity of EBDCs in humans, and there is only one study on human genotoxicity. ETU is known to cause decreases of thyroxine (T4) and increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rodents. We have studied cytogenetic outcomes and serum thyroid hormone levels among 49 heavily exposed workers without protective equipment spraying EBDC on tomatoes in Mexico. We also studied 14 lightly exposed landowners and 31 nonexposed controls. Urinary ETU was used to compare exposure between groups. We found an increase in TSH (p = 0.05) among applicators compared to controls, but no decrease in thyroid hormone (T4). We found increases in sister chromatid exchange (p = 0.03) and in chromosome translocations (chromosome aberrations that persist through cell division) for applicators compared to controls (p = 0.05). However, the subset of reciprocal translocations showed a lesser increase (p = 0.24). Our data suggest that EBDCs affect the thyroid gland and the lymphocyte genome among heavily exposed workers. However, our data are limited to subclinical outcomes, are of borderline statistical significance, and should be interpreted with caution.ImagesFigure 1.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.

Steenland

Cedillo

Tucker

et al. 1997

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The data revealed that N-(o,o-dichlorobenzyl) chitosan was the most active compound against B. cinerea with an EC 50 of 520 mg/L. However, N-(benzo [d] [1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl) chitosan, and N-(methyl-4H-chromen-4-one) chitosan as new N-(heterocyclic) chitosan derivatives were the most active against P. debaryanum and F. oxysporum [76]. Guo and coworkers [222] added that the Schiff bases of chitosan and the N-substituted chitosan derivatives had a slight activity against B. cinerea Pers., and the inhibitory indices were 26.8%, 33.5%, 39.3%, and 32.3% at 1000 ppm, respectively, compared with 45.4% at chitosan.…”

Section: International Journal Of Carbohydrate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical pesticides provide the primary means for controlling the plant pathogens. However, continuous use of such compounds has faced two major obstacles: increasing public concern regarding contamination of perishable agricultural products with pesticide residues and proliferation of resistance in pest populations [1][2][3]. Hence, there is growing emphasis on environmentally friendly technologies in pest control, and evaluation of various alternatives to reduce dependency on harmful synthetic pesticides [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection

Badawy

Rabea

2011

International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry

315

173

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Recently, much attention has been paid to chitosan as a potential polysaccharide resource. Although several efforts have been reported to prepare functional derivatives of chitosan by chemical modifications, few attained their antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. The present paper aims to present an overview of the antimicrobial effects, mechanisms, and applications of a biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives in crop protection. In addition, this paper takes a closer look at the physiochemical properties and chemical modifications of chitosan molecule. The recent growth in this field and the latest research papers published will be introduced and discussed.

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“…The mechanisms of Tattoo (Mancozeb) toxicity to fish have not been sufficiently studied. Mancozeb decomposes rapidly in the aquatic environment (Xu,) and, like most dithiocarbamates, it degrades into ethylene thiourea which is reported to be very toxic (Houeto et al,; Bisson and Hontela,). However, the wide use of Mancozeb in agriculture has been justified by reports of its low acute toxicity and scarce persistence in the environment (Maroni et al,).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors suggest that the primary mechanism of Mancozeb action is the formation of complexes with proteins that inhibit metal‐containing enzymes (Larsson et al,). Because Mancozeb contains manganese and zinc, these ions are released when Mancozeb is catabolized (Houeto et al,; Vettorazzi et al,) and can interact with the active centers of metal‐containing enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD). It has been suggested that Mancozeb is moderately or highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms (Grande et al,).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mancozeb-containing carbamate fungicide tattoo induces mild Oxidative Stress in goldfish brain, liver, and kidney

et al. 2013

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Tattoo belongs to the group of carbamate fungicides and contains Mancozeb (ethylene(bis)dithiocarbamate) as its main constituent. The toxicity of Mancozeb to living organisms, particularly fish, is not resolved. This work investigated the effects of 96 h of exposure to 3, 5, or 10 mg L(-1) of Tattoo (corresponding to 0.9, 1.5, or 3 mg L(-1) of Mancozeb) on the levels of oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant enzyme system of brain, liver, and kidney of goldfish, Carassius auratus). In liver, Tattoo exposure resulted in increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 70%-79%, catalase by 23%-52% and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by 49%. The content of protein carbonyls (CP) in liver was also enhanced by 92%-125% indicating extensive damage to proteins. Similar increases in CP levels (by 98%-111%) accompanied by reduced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (by 13%-15%) was observed in kidney of fish exposed to Tattoo; however, SOD activity increased by 37% in this tissue after treatment with 10 mg L(-1) Tattoo. In brain, a rise in lipid peroxide level (by 29%) took place after exposure to 10 mg L(-1) Tattoo and was accompanied by elevation of high-molecular mass thiols (by 14%). Tattoo exposure also resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in glutathione reductase activity (by 26%-37%) in brain. The data collectively show that exposure of goldfish to 3-10 mg L(-1) of the carbamate fungicide Tattoo resulted in the development of mild oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant defense systems in goldfish tissues.

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Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and Ethylenethiourea: Possible Human Health Hazards

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.

Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.

A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection

The mancozeb-containing carbamate fungicide tattoo induces mild Oxidative Stress in goldfish brain, liver, and kidney

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