Ethnicity, gender, and evaluations of aggression

Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression among College Students: Effects of Gender of Perpetrator, Target, and Perceiver

“…For relational aggression, there was a reversal of attitudes, with aggression perpetrated by a female character rated as less acceptable and more aggressive/harmful than the same behaviors by a male character. These results replicate patterns observed in previous studies (Condry & Ross, 1985;Harris, 1991Harris, , 1995Rys & Bear, 1997). Certainly with respect to physical aggression, the same behaviors by a male and a female may result in more harm when committed by the former due to his typically greater size and strength.…”

“…As expected, physical aggression was rated as less acceptable and more harmful/aggressive than relational aggression when it was directed at females. These results support those of previous researchers investigating perceptions of children engaging in physical aggression (Harris, 1991(Harris, , 1995Harris & Knight-Bohnhoff, 1996) and may result from the belief that females are weaker than males and therefore more vulnerable to physically aggressive acts. The norms of chivalry may be operating in the finding that male aggression (of either type) toward females was rated less acceptable than the same behavior in any other gender pairing (Sorenson & Taylor, 2005).…”

“…There was a significant main effect for participant gender, with women rating all aggressive behaviors as less acceptable than men. These results support those of several previous researchers (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Harris, 1995; Stewart‐Williams, 2002) and contradict others who found no gender difference (Condry & Ross, 1985; Harris, 1991). Women's more negative ratings of aggressive behavior held true across type of aggression, aggressor gender, and target gender, even with females' lesser experience with physical aggression controlled.…”

Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression among College Students: Effects of Gender of Perpetrator, Target, and Perceiver

“…For relational aggression, there was a reversal of attitudes, with aggression perpetrated by a female character rated as less acceptable and more aggressive/harmful than the same behaviors by a male character. These results replicate patterns observed in previous studies (Condry & Ross, 1985;Harris, 1991Harris, , 1995Rys & Bear, 1997). Certainly with respect to physical aggression, the same behaviors by a male and a female may result in more harm when committed by the former due to his typically greater size and strength.…”

“…As expected, physical aggression was rated as less acceptable and more harmful/aggressive than relational aggression when it was directed at females. These results support those of previous researchers investigating perceptions of children engaging in physical aggression (Harris, 1991(Harris, , 1995Harris & Knight-Bohnhoff, 1996) and may result from the belief that females are weaker than males and therefore more vulnerable to physically aggressive acts. The norms of chivalry may be operating in the finding that male aggression (of either type) toward females was rated less acceptable than the same behavior in any other gender pairing (Sorenson & Taylor, 2005).…”

“…There was a significant main effect for participant gender, with women rating all aggressive behaviors as less acceptable than men. These results support those of several previous researchers (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Harris, 1995; Stewart‐Williams, 2002) and contradict others who found no gender difference (Condry & Ross, 1985; Harris, 1991). Women's more negative ratings of aggressive behavior held true across type of aggression, aggressor gender, and target gender, even with females' lesser experience with physical aggression controlled.…”

Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers.

“…There were some gender main effects: Men reported more anger in response to slow and discourteous drivers, more frequent anger and aggressive behavior on their logs, more nonaccident-related damage to the vehicles, less use of seat belts, and more tolerance for drinking and driving. Greater aggressiveness for men is consistent with social psychological literatures ( e.g., Baron & Richardson, 1994;Eagly & Steffen, 1986;Harris, 1995Harris, , 1996 showing that men are more aggressive in nondriving situations and that young male drivers are overrepresented in the most extreme cases of driving-related aggression (American Automobile Association, 1997). However, the tendency to highlight gender differences should be cautioned by several additional findings.…”

Gender and Age Differences in Self-Reported Aggression of High School Students

“…The finding that males were more physically aggressive than females has been repeatedly reported in other studies (Archer, Holloway, & McLoughlin, 1995; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996; Buss & Perry, 1992; Harris, 1995b, 1996; Toldos, 2005). Moreover, the finding regarding the affective (anger) and the cognitive component (hostility) of aggression poses the question whether this is a result of the Greek school system or whether it is due to cultural variation.…”

Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression among College Students: Effects of Gender of Perpetrator, Target, and Perceiver

“…For relational aggression, there was a reversal of attitudes, with aggression perpetrated by a female character rated as less acceptable and more aggressive/harmful than the same behaviors by a male character. These results replicate patterns observed in previous studies (Condry & Ross, 1985;Harris, 1991Harris, , 1995Rys & Bear, 1997). Certainly with respect to physical aggression, the same behaviors by a male and a female may result in more harm when committed by the former due to his typically greater size and strength.…”

“…As expected, physical aggression was rated as less acceptable and more harmful/aggressive than relational aggression when it was directed at females. These results support those of previous researchers investigating perceptions of children engaging in physical aggression (Harris, 1991(Harris, , 1995Harris & Knight-Bohnhoff, 1996) and may result from the belief that females are weaker than males and therefore more vulnerable to physically aggressive acts. The norms of chivalry may be operating in the finding that male aggression (of either type) toward females was rated less acceptable than the same behavior in any other gender pairing (Sorenson & Taylor, 2005).…”

“…There was a significant main effect for participant gender, with women rating all aggressive behaviors as less acceptable than men. These results support those of several previous researchers (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Harris, 1995; Stewart‐Williams, 2002) and contradict others who found no gender difference (Condry & Ross, 1985; Harris, 1991). Women's more negative ratings of aggressive behavior held true across type of aggression, aggressor gender, and target gender, even with females' lesser experience with physical aggression controlled.…”

Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers.

“…There were some gender main effects: Men reported more anger in response to slow and discourteous drivers, more frequent anger and aggressive behavior on their logs, more nonaccident-related damage to the vehicles, less use of seat belts, and more tolerance for drinking and driving. Greater aggressiveness for men is consistent with social psychological literatures ( e.g., Baron & Richardson, 1994;Eagly & Steffen, 1986;Harris, 1995Harris, , 1996 showing that men are more aggressive in nondriving situations and that young male drivers are overrepresented in the most extreme cases of driving-related aggression (American Automobile Association, 1997). However, the tendency to highlight gender differences should be cautioned by several additional findings.…”

Gender and Age Differences in Self-Reported Aggression of High School Students

“…The finding that males were more physically aggressive than females has been repeatedly reported in other studies (Archer, Holloway, & McLoughlin, 1995; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996; Buss & Perry, 1992; Harris, 1995b, 1996; Toldos, 2005). Moreover, the finding regarding the affective (anger) and the cognitive component (hostility) of aggression poses the question whether this is a result of the Greek school system or whether it is due to cultural variation.…”

Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression among College Students: Effects of Gender of Perpetrator, Target, and Perceiver

“…For relational aggression, there was a reversal of attitudes, with aggression perpetrated by a female character rated as less acceptable and more aggressive/harmful than the same behaviors by a male character. These results replicate patterns observed in previous studies (Condry & Ross, 1985;Harris, 1991Harris, , 1995Rys & Bear, 1997). Certainly with respect to physical aggression, the same behaviors by a male and a female may result in more harm when committed by the former due to his typically greater size and strength.…”

“…As expected, physical aggression was rated as less acceptable and more harmful/aggressive than relational aggression when it was directed at females. These results support those of previous researchers investigating perceptions of children engaging in physical aggression (Harris, 1991(Harris, , 1995Harris & Knight-Bohnhoff, 1996) and may result from the belief that females are weaker than males and therefore more vulnerable to physically aggressive acts. The norms of chivalry may be operating in the finding that male aggression (of either type) toward females was rated less acceptable than the same behavior in any other gender pairing (Sorenson & Taylor, 2005).…”

“…There was a significant main effect for participant gender, with women rating all aggressive behaviors as less acceptable than men. These results support those of several previous researchers (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Harris, 1995; Stewart‐Williams, 2002) and contradict others who found no gender difference (Condry & Ross, 1985; Harris, 1991). Women's more negative ratings of aggressive behavior held true across type of aggression, aggressor gender, and target gender, even with females' lesser experience with physical aggression controlled.…”

Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers.

“…There were some gender main effects: Men reported more anger in response to slow and discourteous drivers, more frequent anger and aggressive behavior on their logs, more nonaccident-related damage to the vehicles, less use of seat belts, and more tolerance for drinking and driving. Greater aggressiveness for men is consistent with social psychological literatures ( e.g., Baron & Richardson, 1994;Eagly & Steffen, 1986;Harris, 1995Harris, , 1996 showing that men are more aggressive in nondriving situations and that young male drivers are overrepresented in the most extreme cases of driving-related aggression (American Automobile Association, 1997). However, the tendency to highlight gender differences should be cautioned by several additional findings.…”

Gender and Age Differences in Self-Reported Aggression of High School Students

“…The finding that males were more physically aggressive than females has been repeatedly reported in other studies (Archer, Holloway, & McLoughlin, 1995; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996; Buss & Perry, 1992; Harris, 1995b, 1996; Toldos, 2005). Moreover, the finding regarding the affective (anger) and the cognitive component (hostility) of aggression poses the question whether this is a result of the Greek school system or whether it is due to cultural variation.…”