Estrogenic Activity of Coffee Constituents

Abstract

Here, the constituents of coffee with estrogenic activity are summarized by a comprehensive literature search, and their mechanisms of action for their physiological effects are discussed at the molecular and cellular levels. The estrogenic activity of coffee constituents, such as acids, caramelized products, carbohydrates, lignin, minerals, nitrogenous compounds, oil (lipids), and others, such as volatile compounds, was first evaluated by activity assays, such as animal tests, cell assay, ligand-binding assay, protein assay, reporter-gene assay, transcription assay, and yeast two-hybrid assay. Second, the health benefits associated with the estrogenic coffee constituents, such as bone protection, cancer treatment/prevention, cardioprotection, neuroprotection, and the improvement of menopausal syndromes, were summarized, including their potential therapeutic/clinical applications. Inconsistent results regarding mixed estrogenic/anti-estrogenic/non-estrogenic or biphasic activity, and unbeneficial effects associated with the constituents, such as endocrine disruption, increase the complexity of the effects of estrogenic coffee constituents. However, as the increase of the knowledge about estrogenic cell signaling, such as the types of specific signaling pathways, selective modulations of cell signaling, signal crosstalk, and intercellular/intracellular networks, pathway-based assessment will become a more realistic means in the future to more reliably evaluate the beneficial applications of estrogenic coffee constituents.

Antitumor Effects of Freeze‐Dried Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Extracts on Breast Cancer Cell Lines

“…Caffeine and the polyphenol content have been suggested to contribute to coffee anticancer activities. Dried green coffee beans contain carbohydrates (59–62%), CGAs (7–10%), aliphatic acids (2%), caffeine (1–2%), trigonelline (1%), and free amino acids (<1%), but roasting coffee reduces the contents of carbohydrates, CGAs, and free amino acids and increases those of alkaloids (mostly caffeine) and aliphatic acids [ 36 ]. Although, theoretically, the bioactive compound content is lower in roasted coffee, due to the high-temperature process, we tested cell viability after treatment with dark roasted coffee extracts, since the consumption of roasted coffee is greater in the diet.…”

Estrogenic activity of capsule coffee using the VM7Luc4E2 assay

“…Differences in outcomes may be attributed to the dose administered or the type of in vitro model used. Caffeine, the stimulatory agent abundant in coffee, has been found to be either anti-estrogenic ( Kiyama, 2019 , Rosendahl et al, 2015 ) or have no estrogenic potential ( Isshiki et al, 2013 ). It is thus likely that the flavonoid content contributed to the estrogenic potential of the capsule coffee samples, although the specific compounds and their degrees of contribution require further investigation.…”

Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents in the Context of Skin and Wound Infections, Considering European Legislation and Folk Medicine—A Review

“…Alongside with trigonelline, the seeds of T. foenum-graecum (Fabaceae) also contain a variety of other active compounds, including polysaccharides (galactomannans 25–45%), proteins and stilbenes, which together with flavonoids, steroidal saponins, and fatty oil contribute to reducing of minor skin inflammations [ 43 , 158 ]. Trigonelline is also known for its estrogenic effect and can be listed as phytoestrogen [ 159 ]. It is known that estrogen and compounds with estrogenic activity (incl.…”