Estriol review: Clinical applications and potential biomedical importance

Falah, Nadia; Torday, John S.; Quinney, Sara K.; Haas, David M.

doi:10.15761/crt.1000109

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…[ 45 – 49 ]). While estrone and estriol are less bioactive than estradiol, their effects on dendritic spines require future investigation, especially with regards to pregnancy (when circulating estriol levels increase greatly as a result of placental production [ 50 ]) and post-menopause (when 17β-estradiol levels decline more so than estrone levels leading to estrone becoming the most abundant of the estrogens [ 51 ]), periods in which hippocampal dendritic spine numbers are increased [ 52 , 53 ] and decreased (typically investigated via ovariectomy) [ 32 , 54 – 56 ], respectively. It should further be mentioned that this review does not cover the effects of phytoestrogens (weak estrogens found in plants) or endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol-A on dendritic spine density or neurogenesis; however, there is emerging evidence that phytoestrogens may affect these types of hippocampal plasticity [ 57 – 63 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents

2019

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It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. In this review, we discuss current research exploring the effects of estrogens on dendritic spine plasticity and neurogenesis with a focus on the modulating factors of sex, age, and pregnancy. Hormone levels, including those of estrogens, fluctuate widely across the lifespan from early life to puberty, through adulthood and into old age, as well as with pregnancy and parturition. Dendritic spine formation and modulation are altered both by rapid (likely non-genomic) and classical (genomic) actions of estrogens and have been suggested to play a role in the effects of estrogens on learning and memory. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is influenced by age, the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and parity in female rodents. Furthermore, sex differences exist in hippocampal cellular and molecular responses to estrogens and are briefly discussed throughout. Understanding how structural plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by estrogens and how these effects can influence function and be influenced by other factors, such as experience and sex, is critical and can inform future treatments in conditions involving the hippocampus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents

2019

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“…Estriol inhibits the bond between estradiol and estrogen receptors (35). In an in vitro environment, estriol is known as an insulin resistance factor (26). Consequently, increased estriol in pregnancy could likely be associated with insulin resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, estriol is a weak estrogen agonist that has a strong antagonistic activity along with estradiol (25). Unconjugated Estriol (UE) has led to insulin resistance under in vitro conditions (26). Moreover, the low levels of maternal serum UE in the second trimester have been associated with adverse pregnancy complications (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Power of Unconjugated Estriol in Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes: A Cohort Study

Amirian¹,

Kariman²,

Hedayati³

et al. 2019

Iran Red Crescent Med J

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Background: Gestational diabetes is the most common antenatal medical complication that is associated with adverse short-and long-term maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Reducing maternal and fetal complications requires the early diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Unconjugated Estriol (UE) has led to insulin resistance under in vitro conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the predictive power of unconjugated estriol in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The present historical cohort study was conducted on 523 pregnant women presenting to two university-affiliated hospitals in Tehran, Iran, 2017-2018. The level of unconjugated estriol was determined at the 14th-17th week of pregnancy, and gestational diabetes was diagnosed at the 24th-28th week of pregnancy using the oral glucose tolerance test with 75 grams of glucose. Data were collected through interviews and sampling was carried out using a convenience sampling method. Results: Out of 523 pregnant women examined, 63 (12%) were placed in the gestational diabetes group and 460 (88%) in the nongestational diabetes group. The best cutoff point for unconjugated estriol was determined using the ROC curve as 0.965 MOM. We obtained 66.66% sensitivity, 54.78% specificity, 16.8% positive predictive value, and 92.30 negative predictive value for the UE test. Conclusions: Given the acceptable sensitivity (66.66%) and specificity (54.78%) obtained for the UE test and the area under the ROC curve of 0.60, it appears that the UE test can be considered a new, accessible, and reliable screening test for gestational diabetes.

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“…P4 and oestrogens are progressively secreted throughout gestation, and P4 levels are responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy [ 1 ]. Oestrogens, such as estriol (E3) and estrone sulphate (E1SO4), are produced by the placenta from dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), which is synthesised exclusively by the foetal adrenal glands [ 4 ]. E1SO4 acts as a reserve for the peripheral formation of bioactive estrogenic forms [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E1SO4 acts as a reserve for the peripheral formation of bioactive estrogenic forms [ 5 ]. Likewise, E3 is the dominant oestrogen hormone during pregnancy and is used as an index of the state of the foetal-placental unit since its production depends on the synthesis capacity of the foetus and placenta together [ 4 ]. C levels are associated with the placental synthesis of crucial oestrogens for the maintenance of pregnancy, [ 5 ] playing an important role throughout pregnancy, and are responsible for maintaining intrauterine homeostasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study on steroid hormone variations during the second trimester of gestation: a useful tool to confirm adequate foetal development

Alonso

Cáceres

Velez

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background The interaction of hormonal factors are crucial for good foetal development. During the second trimester of gestation, most of the main physiological processes of foetal development occur. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the variations in the physiological levels of cortisol, estriol, estrone sulphate, and progesterone during the second trimester (weeks 12–26) in order to establish normal ranges that can serve as indicators of foetal well-being and good functioning of the foetal-placental unit. Methods Saliva samples from 106 pregnant women were collected weekly (from week 12 to week 26 of gestation), and hormonal measurements were assayed by an enzyme immunoassay. The technique used for hormone measurements was highly sensitive and served as a non-invasive method for sample collection. Results The results revealed a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between cortisol, progesterone, and oestrogens throughout the second trimester, with a more substantial relationship between oestrogens and progesterone [P4-E3 (r=0.427); P4-E1SO4 (r=0.419)]. By analysing these hormone concentrations, statistically significant (p<0.05) elevations in progesterone, cortisol, and estriol levels were found at the 16th [(P4 (0.78±0.088), C(1.99±0.116), E3(2.513±0.114)]; 18th [(P4 (1.116±0.144), C(3.409±0.137), E3(3.043±0.123)] and 23rd week of gestation [(P4(1.36±0.153), C(1.936±0.11), E3(2.657±0.07)]. Estrone sulphate levels appeared to increase progressively throughout the second trimester [from 1.103±0.03 to 2.244±0.09]. Conclusion The 18th week of gestation seems to constitute a very important week during foetal adrenal development, and the analysis of the main hormones involved in foetal development, provided more precise information regarding the proper functioning of the foetal unit and foetal development.

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Estriol review: Clinical applications and potential biomedical importance

Cited by 21 publications

References 56 publications

Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents

Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents

Predictive Power of Unconjugated Estriol in Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes: A Cohort Study

Longitudinal study on steroid hormone variations during the second trimester of gestation: a useful tool to confirm adequate foetal development

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