Estimation of anterior cruciate ligament tension from inverse dynamics data and electromyography in females during drop landing

Kernozek, Thomas W.; Ragan, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.08.001

Cited by 85 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The peak tibial anterior shear forces during sharp decelerating tasks range from 0.2 to 0.8 (3 BW). [37][38][39][40][41][42] Whereas the tasks and time points used for the analyses differ somewhat among these studies and our study, all of these tasks involve sudden deceleration motions, and the tibial anterior shear forces that we generally observed in SSL and URL are similar to those in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Changing Sagittal-Plane Landing Styles to Modulate Impact and Tibiofemoral Force Magnitude and Directions Relative to the Tibia

Shimokochi

Ambegaonkar

Meyer

2016

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Ground reaction force (GRF) and tibiofemoral force magnitudes and directions have been shown to affect anterior cruciate ligament loading during landing. However, the kinematic and kinetic factors modifying these 2 forces during landing are unknown.Objective: To clarify the intersegmental kinematic and kinetic links underlying the alteration of the GRF and tibiofemoral force vectors secondary to changes in the sagittal-plane body position during single-legged landing.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty recreationally active participants (age ¼ 23.4 6 3.6 years, height ¼ 171.0 6 9.4 cm, mass ¼ 73.3 6 12.7 kg).Intervention(s): Participants performed single-legged landings using 3 landing styles: self-selected landing (SSL), body leaning forward and landing on the toes (LFL), and body upright with flat-footed landing (URL). Three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics were recorded.Main Outcome Measure(s): Sagittal-plane tibial inclination and knee-flexion angles, GRF magnitude and inclination angles relative to the tibia, and proximal tibial forces at peak tibial axial forces.Results: The URL resulted in less time to peak tibial axial forces, smaller knee-flexion angles, and greater magnitude and a more anteriorly inclined GRF vector relative to the tibia than did the SSL. These changes led to the greatest peak tibial axial and anterior shear forces in the URL among the 3 landing styles. Conversely, the LFL resulted in longer time to peak tibial axial forces, greater knee-flexion angles, and reduced magnitude and a more posteriorly inclined GRF vector relative to the tibia than the SSL. These changes in LFL resulted in the lowest peak tibial axial and largest posterior shear forces among the 3 landing styles.Conclusions: Sagittal-plane intersegmental kinematic and kinetic links strongly affected the magnitude and direction of GRF and tibiofemoral forces during the impact phase of singlelegged landing. Therefore, improving sagittal-plane landing mechanics is important in reducing harmful magnitudes and directions of impact forces on the anterior cruciate ligament.Key Words: anterior cruciate ligament, tibial posterior slope, lower extremity biomechanics, injury prevention, landing strategy Key PointsAt the impact phase of single-legged landing, sagittal-plane kinetics and kinematics of body segments were strongly related, affecting both the magnitude and direction of the ground reaction force (GRF) and tibiofemoral forces relative to the tibia and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. A longer time to peak GRF in single-legged landing on the toes with the body leaning forward allowed greater knee flexion, anterior tibial inclination, and shock attenuation, leading to a reduced magnitude of GRF that was more posteriorly inclined relative to the tibia and smaller tibial axial forces and posteriorly directed tibial shear forces. A shorter time to peak GRF during flat-footed landing with the body upright led to less knee flexion, anterior tibial inclination, and s...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Changing Sagittal-Plane Landing Styles to Modulate Impact and Tibiofemoral Force Magnitude and Directions Relative to the Tibia

Shimokochi

Ambegaonkar

Meyer

2016

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Injuries to the ACL have been reported 46 as likely to occur within the first 60 milliseconds of ground contact. Thus, EMG, kinematic, and kinetic data from the first 60 milliseconds of landing performance were analyzed.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hip-Abductor Fatigue and Single-Leg Landing Mechanics in Women Athletes

Patrek

Kernozek

Willson

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Reduced hip-abductor strength and muscle activation may be associated with altered lower extremity mechanics, which are thought to increase the risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. However, experimental evidence supporting this relationship is limited. Objective: To examine the changes in single-leg landing mechanics and gluteus medius recruitment that occur after a hip-abductor fatigue protocol. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty physically active women (age = 21.0 ± 1.3 years). Intervention(s): Participants were tested before (prefatigue) and after (postfatigue) a hip-abductor fatigue protocol consisting of repetitive side-lying hip abduction. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures included sagittal-plane and frontal-plane hip and knee kinematics at initial contact and at 60 milliseconds after initial contact during 5 single-leg landings from a height of 40 cm. Peak hip and knee sagittal-plane and frontal-plane joint moments during this time interval were also analyzed. Measures of gluteus medius activation, including latency, peak amplitude, and integrated signal, were recorded. Results: A small (<1°) increase in hip-abduction angle at initial contact and a small (<1°) decrease in knee-abduction (valgus) angle at 60 milliseconds after contact were observed in the postfatigue landing condition. No other kinematic changes were noted for the knee or hip at initial contact or at 60 milliseconds after initial contact. Peak external knee-adduction moment decreased 27% and peak hip adduction moment decreased 24% during the postfatigue landing condition. Gluteus medius activation was delayed after the protocol, but no difference in peak or integrated signal was seen during the landing trials. Conclusions: Changes observed during single-leg landings after hip-abductor fatigue were not generally considered unfavorable to the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament. Further work may be justified to study the role of hip-abductor activation in protecting the knee during landing.

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“…The raw EMG signal was band-pass filtered (zero-pole-gain design, eighth order, Butterworth filter) with cut-off frequencies of 10 and 400 Hz to minimize noise owing to motion artefacts and the EMG amplifier [34]. The filtered EMG signal was rectified and low-pass filtered (zero-pole-gain design, second order, Butterworth filter) with a cut-off frequency of 6 Hz [33] and a 22 ms electromechanical delay, representing the muscle time response to stimuli, applied to synchronize the processed signal with the muscle response [35]. Normalization of the processed EMG signal was then necessary to obtain a signal between zero and 1 representing muscle activation [33].…”

Section: Physiologically Plausible Muscle Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic modelling of muscle recruitment during activity

et al. 2015

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One contribution of 11 to a theme issue 'Multiscale modelling in biomechanics: theoretical, computational and translational challenges'. Muscle forces can be selected from a space of muscle recruitment strategies that produce stable motion and variable muscle and joint forces. However, current optimization methods provide only a single muscle recruitment strategy. We modelled the spectrum of muscle recruitment strategies while walking. The equilibrium equations at the joints, muscle constraints, static optimization solutions and 15-channel electromyography (EMG) recordings for seven walking cycles were taken from earlier studies. The spectrum of muscle forces was calculated using Bayesian statistics and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, whereas EMG-driven muscle forces were calculated using EMG-driven modelling. We calculated the differences between the spectrum and EMG-driven muscle force for 1-15 input EMGs, and we identified the muscle strategy that best matched the recorded EMG pattern. The best-fit strategy, static optimization solution and EMG-driven force data were compared using correlation analysis. Possible and plausible muscle forces were defined as within physiological boundaries and within EMG boundaries. Possible muscle and joint forces were calculated by constraining the muscle forces between zero and the peak muscle force. Plausible muscle forces were constrained within six selected EMG boundaries. The spectrum to EMG-driven force difference increased from 40 to 108 N for 1-15 EMG inputs. The best-fit muscle strategy better described the EMG-driven pattern (R 2 ¼ 0.94; RMSE ¼ 19 N) than the static optimization solution (R 2 ¼ 0.38; RMSE ¼ 61 N). Possible forces for 27 of 34 muscles varied between zero and the peak muscle force, inducing a peak hip force of 11.3 body-weights. Plausible muscle forces closely matched the selected EMG patterns; no effect of the EMG constraint was observed on the remaining muscle force ranges. The model can be used to study alternative muscle recruitment strategies in both physiological and pathophysiological neuromotor conditions.

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Estimation of anterior cruciate ligament tension from inverse dynamics data and electromyography in females during drop landing

Cited by 85 publications

References 38 publications

Changing Sagittal-Plane Landing Styles to Modulate Impact and Tibiofemoral Force Magnitude and Directions Relative to the Tibia

Changing Sagittal-Plane Landing Styles to Modulate Impact and Tibiofemoral Force Magnitude and Directions Relative to the Tibia

Hip-Abductor Fatigue and Single-Leg Landing Mechanics in Women Athletes

Stochastic modelling of muscle recruitment during activity

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