Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States

Boyle, Joseph; Yeter, Deniz; Aschner, Michael; Wheeler, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146307

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Total lifetime productivity based on 2016 U.S. data is estimated to be 57% greater than that of market productivity alone [62]. The studies reviewed here based estimates of the monetary valuation of IQ on U.S. data on what were said to be earnings data, although some may have actually used combined market and non-market productivity estimates [80,84,86]. On the other hand, some researchers used a human capital approach to estimate total productivity costs associated with physical and cognitive deficits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If cognitive ability were associated with relative productivity in non-market activities comparable to market productivity as quantified by earnings, the USD valuation would be in the range of USD 16,800-20,400 per IQ point. Three publications may have inadvertently used estimates of combined market and non-market productivity [80,84,86], but to date no published study has explicitly made that modeling choice or sought to justify the inclusion of non-market productivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic assessments of child lead exposure prevention have frequently used estimates of the IQ-earnings association [20,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. Analyses conducted in the 1980s for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conservatively projected gains of 0.9-1.0% in earnings per one IQ point [72,87].…”

Section: Proportional Increase In Earnings With Increased Cognitive Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They applied the 2.0% difference in earnings from Grosse et al to an unpublished (and unexplained) USD 1.3 million estimate of lifetime productivity [80], citing unpublished tabulations of lifetime earnings from Wendy Max and colleagues. Attina and Trasande followed the same approach in 2013, using the 1.76-2.37% difference per IQ point range [84], and a recent publication by Boyle et al borrowed a cost estimate of USD 26,553 per IQ point from that study [86]. Attina and Trasande reporting estimates of discounted lifetime earnings at males and females aged five of USD 1,413,313 and USD 1,156,157, respectively, in 2007 USD, citing a report by Max et al which in fact reported lifetime earnings estimates for 1-4-year-old boys and girls of USD 1,085,807 and USD 803,102, respectively, in 2000 USD [60].…”

Section: Usd Estimates Of Incremental Productivity Per Iq Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetary Valuation of Children’s Cognitive Outcomes in Economic Evaluations from a Societal Perspective: A Review

Grosse

Zhou

2021

Children

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Cognitive ability in childhood is positively associated with economic productivity in adulthood. Expected gains in economic output from interventions that protect cognitive function can be incorporated in benefit–cost and cost-effectiveness analyses conducted from a societal perspective. This review summarizes estimates from high-income countries of the association of general cognitive ability, standardized as intelligence quotient (IQ), with annual and lifetime earnings among adults. Estimates of the association of adult earnings with cognitive ability assessed in childhood or adolescence vary from 0.5% to 2.5% per IQ point. That range reflects differences in data sources and analytic methods. We take a conservative published estimate of a 1.4% difference in market productivity per IQ point in the United States from a recent study that controlled for confounding by family background and behavioral attributes. Using that estimate and the present value of lifetime earnings calculated using a 3% discount rate, the implied lifetime monetary valuation of an IQ point in the United States is USD 10,600–13,100. Despite uncertainty and the exclusion of non-market productivity, incorporation of such estimates could lead to a fuller assessment of the benefits of public health and clinical interventions that protect the developing brains of fetuses, infants, and young children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proportional Increase In Earnings With Increased Cognitive Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Usd Estimates Of Incremental Productivity Per Iq Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetary Valuation of Children’s Cognitive Outcomes in Economic Evaluations from a Societal Perspective: A Review

Grosse

Zhou

2021

Children

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“…And the effects of environmental racism can also contribute to learning difficulties [83]. For example, exposure to environmental contaminants, like lead, can affect children's neurological development and ultimately reduce memory, cognitive function, and attention span [84,85]. Twice as many Black children have unsafe blood lead levels as non-Hispanic white children [86].…”

Section: "There Just Aren't As Many Bipoc Who Want To Work In Stemm"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to 10 common criticisms of anti-racism action in STEMM

et al. 2021

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The wrongful murders of Black individuals during 2020 (including George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Aubery, and others), compounded by a long history of similar incidents, inspired protests around the world against racism and police brutality. The growing anti-racism movement sparked conversations within science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) surrounding ways to combat racial bias in our respective fields. A spotlight was placed on the discriminatory history of scientific research and medical practice, as well as the problematic modern-day policies that perpetuate the lack of racial diversity and equity in STEMM.While observing and participating in recent discussions about the racism that pervades institutions, departments, and scientific discourse, we have noticed a set of standard arguments against anti-racism action within STEMM. Ten of these arguments are laid out in this manuscript and paired with evidence-based counterarguments. Notably, while this manuscript is primarily centered around a United States perspective, most of our arguments and suggested actions remain applicable to other countries as well. It is crucial for a STEMM anti-racism movement to extend beyond national borders, reflecting the international nature of scientific research and collaboration.This team of authors represents a collaboration between scientists from historically marginalized groups and their allies. By compiling published academic literature, we hope to directly

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