Ester‐amide based on ricinoleic acid as a novel primary plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract

Utilization of ricinoleic acid as a raw material for the synthesis of green plasticizer would offer an alternative to the phthalate plasticizers. Ester-amide of ricinoleic acid was synthesized by a two-step reaction with dibutyl amine and benzoic acid; and then utilized as primary plasticizer in PVC. Ester-amide plasticizer was added up to 40 phr in PVC; and the prepared PVC sheets were characterized for mechanical, X-ray diffraction, thermal, rheological, colorimetric, and exudation properties. Addition of the ester-amide plasticizer demonstrated good incorporation and plasticizing performance in PVC. Viscosity of PVC decreased with increased addition of ester-amide plasticizer. The dark color of the synthesized plasticizer could have constraints on its application areas; however, the prepared samples illustrated negligible weight loss in the exudation test, attributed to better compatibility between them brought about by the ester, tertiary amide and polarizable benzene ring in the ester-amide plasticizer with the C-Cl polar linkage in PVC.

A Novel and Non-Cytotoxic Self-Healing Supramolecular Elastomer Synthesized with Small Molecular Biological Acids

“…The peak at 1435 cm −1 is formed by the characteristic stretching vibration of CH 2  groups . The peak observed at 1362 cm −1 is due to the CH bending vibration of CH 2  . The peak at 1274 cm −1 is the CN stretching vibration .…”

“…In the spectra, the absorption peak around 3284 cm −1 is attributed to the NH stretching vibration of amide . The peaks at 2922 cm −1 and 2850 cm −1 are due to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the CH 2  group . The peak at 1628 cm −1 belongs to the CO stretching vibration from amide which is formed by the acylation of carboxylic acid with DETA .…”

“…The peak at 1274 cm −1 is the CN stretching vibration . The weak absorption at 1129 cm −1 is attributed to the rocking vibration absorption of NH 2 groups . A prominent peak at 672 cm −1 is assigned to the wagging mode of NH 2 .…”

Plasticizers Derived from Biomass Resources: A Short Review

“…Apart from plasticizers mentioned above, there are also other bio-based plasticizers such as glucose ester, traffic waste oil, isosorbide, ricinoleic acid and cardanol [101,102,103,104,105,106]. Yin et al prepared glucose from liquefaction of cellulose and utilized laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) method to evaluate the performance [107].…”

“…Vegetable fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid are also used to produce bio-based plasticizers. Ester-amide of ricinoleic acid, as shown in Figure 22, is synthesized and used as primary plasticizer to replace phthalate plasticizers in PVC materials [105]. T g of PVC materials blended with 40 wt % of ester-amide of ricinoleic acid reaches −13.5 °C.…”