Background. Limited studies incorporating population-based pharmacokinetic modeling have been conducted to determine pharmacodynamic indices associated with nephrotoxicity during vancomycin exposure in children. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted from September 2003 to December 2011 at 2 hospitals. Nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration (SCr) by 0.5 mg/dL, or 50% increase in baseline SCr, either persisting for 2 consecutive days. A 1-compartment model with firstorder kinetics was used in NONMEM 7.2 to estimate trough concentrations (C min ) and area under the curve over 24 hours (AUC). Univariate, classification and regression tree (CART), and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors contributing to nephrotoxicity. [IQR,; P < .001) were significantly higher in the nephrotoxic group compared with the non-nephrotoxic group. Using CART, we discovered that subjects with doses 60 mg/kg per day and AUC >1063 mg-h/L had a significantly higher occurrence of nephrotoxicity (P = .005). Adjusting for intensive care unit stay and concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, steady-state vancomycin C min 15 mcg/mL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-5.8; P = .028) and AUC 800 mg-h/L (aOR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.2-11.0; P = .018) were associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity. Conclusions. Our study describes the pediatric exposure-nephrotoxicity relationships for vancomycin. Vancomycin C min 15 mcg/mL and AUC 800 mg-h/L in children are independently associated with a > 2.5-fold increased risk of nephrotoxicity and may provide justification for use of alternative antibiotics in selected situations.