Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus

Gitlin, Leonid; Barchet, Winfried; Gilfillan, Susan; Cella, Marina; Beutler, Bruce; Flavell, Richard A.; Diamond, Michael S.; Colonna, Marco

doi:10.1073/pnas.0603082103

Cited by 1,018 publications

(979 citation statements)

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“…Although polyI:C was first described as a TLR3 ligand [17], it has been recently shown that polyI:C is also recognized by the Mda5 helicase, a member of the RIG-1 like receptor family that also triggers type I IFN production [5,32,33]. Recent data suggest that TLR3 and Mda5 may act synergistically to induce type I IFN [34][35][36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PolyI:C induces anti-viral immunity [17,29], reduces tumor progression via a type I IFN-mediated NK cell activation [30], and reduces hepatitis through enhancing NK-cell activities [31]. In accordance with these in vivo properties, our data suggest that the stimulatory properties of polyI:C could be, at least partly, related to the induction of type I IFN production by NK cells.Although polyI:C was first described as a TLR3 ligand [17], it has been recently shown that polyI:C is also recognized by the Mda5 helicase, a member of the RIG-1 like receptor family that also triggers type I IFN production [5,32,33]. Recent data suggest that TLR3 and Mda5 may act synergistically to induce type I IFN [34][35][36].…”

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PolyI:C plus IL‐2 or IL‐12 induce IFN‐γ production by human NK cells via autocrine IFN‐β

et al. 2009

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NK lymphocytes and type I IFN (IFN-a/b) are major actors of the innate anti-viral response that also influence adaptive immune responses. We evaluated type I IFN production by human NK cells in response to polyI:C, a potent type I IFN-inducing TLR3 agonist. PolyI:C plus IL-2/IL-12 induced IFN-b (but not IFN-a) mRNA expression and protein production by highly pure human NK cells and by the human NK cell line NK92. Neutralizing anti-IFNAR1 or anti-IFN-b Ab prevented the production of IFN-c induced by polyI:C plus IL-2/IL-12. Similarly, IFN-c production induced by polyI:C plus IL-12 was reduced in NK cells isolated from IFNAR1 À/À compared with WT mice. The ability of polyI:C plus IL-12 to induce IFN-c production was related to an increase of TLR3, Mda5 and IFNAR expression and by an increase of STAT1 and STAT4 phosphorylation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that NK cells, in response to polyI:C plus IL-2/IL-12, produce IFN-b that induce, in an autocrine manner, the production of IFN-c and thereby highlight that NK cells may control the outcome of protective or injurious immune responses through type I IFN secretion.Key words: IFN-g . NK cells . PolyI:C . Type I IFN IntroductionType I IFN is a multi-member cytokine family, in which IFN-a and -b are the main types of interest from an immunological perspective [1,2]. They are involved in anti-viral immunity and in some immune disorders (such as autoimmune diseases). In addition to directly interfering with viral replication, type I IFN have anti-proliferative and immunoregulatory properties. They bridge innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing DC maturation and favoring antigen cross-presentation [3]. They also act directly on CD8 1 T cells to favor the generation of effector and memory T cells [4]. The expression of type I IFN is induced early upon recognition of viruses or viral moieties by some innate receptors of the TLR or RIG-1-like receptor families [5]. IFN-a is mainly secreted by plasmacytoid DC in response to viral nucleic acids recognized by TLR7 and 9 [6]. IFN-b mRNA expression is induced in numerous cell types by TLR stimulation [7,8]. IFN-b has a short half-time, is difficult to quantify, and its secretion is mainly evidenced indirectly by neutralizing its activity in in vitro assay [9]. Owing to the central role of type I IFN in the [11]. These cells kill virally infected cells and tumoral cells in the absence of prior activation [11,12]. NK-cell cytotoxic activity is tightly regulated by inhibitory and activatory receptors [13]. Consequently, NK cells are important during the early phases of viral infection, while antigen-specific T-and B-cell responses are generated. In addition to cytotoxic properties, NK cells have immunoregulatory functions. Through the expression of cell surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines such as IFN-g, they directly modulate macrophages, B and T lymphocyte and DC functions [11,12,14,15]. Consequently, in addition to a protective role in anti-tumor and antiviral immunity, it is now suggested that NK c...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

PolyI:C plus IL‐2 or IL‐12 induce IFN‐γ production by human NK cells via autocrine IFN‐β

et al. 2009

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“…65 This hypothesis is supported by the observation that Mda-5 appears to predominate over RIG-1 in type I IFN responses to polyIC, as these responses are abrogated in Mda-5 À/À dendritic cells and macrophages. 69 This can be due either to the fact that responses to polyIC require the concerted activation of RIG-1 and Mda-5, or to the difference between the affinities or specificities of RIG-1 and Mda-5 for polyIC. The observation that Mda-5 is selectively required for cytokine responses to encephalomyocarditis picornavirus but not to other viruses supports the hypothesis that Mda-5 and RIG-1 have different specificities for dsRNA.…”

Section: Role Of Rip1 In the Innateosome Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

RIP1, a kinase on the crossroads of a cell's decision to live or die

et al. 2007

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Binding of inflammatory cytokines to their receptors, stimulation of pathogen recognition receptors by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and DNA damage induce specific signalling events. A cell that is exposed to these signals can respond by activation of NF-jB, mitogen-activated protein kinases and interferon regulatory factors, resulting in the upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins and of several cytokines. The consequent survival may or may not be accompanied by an inflammatory response. Alternatively, a cell can also activate death-signalling pathways, resulting in apoptosis or alternative cell death such as necrosis or autophagic cell death. Interplay between survival and death-promoting complexes continues as they compete with each other until one eventually dominates and determines the cell's fate. RIP1 is a crucial adaptor kinase on the crossroad of these stress-induced signalling pathways and a cell's decision to live or die. Following different upstream signals, particular RIP1-containing complexes are formed; these initiate only a limited number of cellular responses. In this review, we describe how RIP1 acts as a key integrator of signalling pathways initiated by stimulation of death receptors, bacterial or viral infection, genotoxic stress and T-cell homeostasis. Cell Death and Differentiation (2007) 14, 400-410. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402085Receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases constitute a family of seven members, all of which contain a kinase domain (KD) (Figure 1a). They are crucial regulators of cell survival and death 1 (Figure 2). Based on sequence similarities, mode of regulation and substrate specificities of their catalytic domain, RIP kinases are classified as serine/threonine kinases and are closely related to members of the interleukin-1-receptorassociated kinase (IRAK) family. RIP1 and RIP2 (CARDIAK/ RICK) also bear a C-terminal domain belonging to the death domain (DD) superfamily, namely, a DD and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), respectively, allowing recruitment to large protein complexes initiating different signalling pathways. The unique C-terminus of RIP3 bears a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM), which is also present in the intermediate domain (ID) of RIP1. This RHIM domain is sufficient for interaction of RIP1 with RIP3. 1 RIP4 (DIK/PKK) and RIP5 (SgK288) are characterized by the presence of ankyrin repeats in their C-terminal domains. 1 RIP6 (LRRK1) and RIP7 (LRRK2) are RIP members containing a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif 1 that may be involved in recognition of pathogen-, damage-or stress-associated molecular patterns (PAMP, DAMP, SAMP). In addition, they harbor Roc/COR domains (Ras of complex proteins/C-terminal of Roc). Binding of GTP to the GTPase-like Roc domain leads to the stimulation of LRRK1 kinase activity. 2 Mutation analysis indicated that the COR domain might be important for transmitting the stimulating signal to the KD. 2 The function of RIP6 and RIP7 is yet unknown; however, mutations in the human LRRK2 gene are associated with both fam...

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“…Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are cytoplasmic RNA helicases [1][2][3], which signal the presence of viral RNA through the adaptor, IFN-b promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) (also known as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein/caspase recruitment domain (CARD) adaptor inducing IFN-b (Cardif)/virus-induced signaling adaptor) to produce IFN-b [4][5][6][7]. IPS-1 localizes on the outer membrane of the mitochondria via its C-terminus [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DEAD/H BOX 3 (DDX3) helicase binds the RIG‐I adaptor IPS‐1 to up‐regulate IFN‐β‐inducing potential

et al. 2010

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Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR) are members of the DEAD box helicases, and recognize viral RNA in the cytoplasm, leading to IFN-b induction through the adaptor IFN-b promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) (also known as Cardif, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein or virus-induced signaling adaptor). Since uninfected cells usually harbor a trace of RIG-I, other RNA-binding proteins may participate in assembling viral RNA into the IPS-1 pathway during the initial response to infection. We searched for proteins coupling with human IPS-1 by yeast two-hybrid and identified another DEAD (Asp-Glu-AlaAsp) box helicase, DDX3 (DEAD/H BOX 3). DDX3 can bind viral RNA to join it in the IPS-1 complex. Unlike RIG-I, DDX3 was constitutively expressed in cells, and some fraction of DDX3 is colocalized with IPS-1 around mitochondria. The 622-662 a.a DDX3 C-terminal region (DDX3-C) directly bound to the IPS-1 CARD-like domain, and the whole DDX3 protein also associated with RLR. By reporter assay, DDX3 helped IPS-1 up-regulate IFN-b promoter activation and knockdown of DDX3 by siRNA resulted in reduced IFN-b induction. This activity was conserved on the DDX3-C fragment. DDX3 only marginally enhanced IFN-b promoter activation induced by transfected TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) or I-kappa-B kinase-e (IKKe). Forced expression of DDX3 augmented virus-mediated IFN-b induction and host cell protection against virus infection. Hence, DDX3 is an antiviral IPS-1 enhancer. IntroductionRetinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are cytoplasmic RNA helicases [1][2][3], which signal the presence of viral RNA through the adaptor, IFN-b promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) (also known as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein/caspase recruitment domain (CARD) adaptor inducing IFN-b (Cardif)/virus-induced signaling adaptor) to produce . IPS-1 localizes on the outer membrane of the mitochondria via its C-terminus [6]. Its Nterminus consists of a CARD domain, which interacts with the CARD domains of RIG-I and MDA5. Viral RNA resulting from penetration or replication are believed to assemble in the CARDinteracting helicase complex to activate the cytoplasmic IFNinducing pathway. Although non-infected cells usually express minimal amounts of RIG-I/MDA5, the final output of type I IFN is efficiently induced at an early stage of infection to protect host cells from viral spreading.Once IPS-1 is activated, the kinase complex consisting of TANK-homologous proteins and virus-activated kinases induce nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) to activate the IFN promoter [8]. NAK-associated protein 1, TANKbinding kinase 1 (TBK1) and I-kappa-B kinase-e (IKKe) are components of the kinase complex that phosphorylates IRF-3 to induce type I IFN [9,10]. RIG-I recognizes products of various RNA viruses, while MDA5 recognizes products of picornaviruses 940Frontline [1,11]. RIG-I and MDA5 share the helicase domain, which is classified into the DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase...

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Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus

Cited by 1,018 publications

References 46 publications

PolyI:C plus IL‐2 or IL‐12 induce IFN‐γ production by human NK cells via autocrine IFN‐β

PolyI:C plus IL‐2 or IL‐12 induce IFN‐γ production by human NK cells via autocrine IFN‐β

RIP1, a kinase on the crossroads of a cell's decision to live or die

DEAD/H BOX 3 (DDX3) helicase binds the RIG‐I adaptor IPS‐1 to up‐regulate IFN‐β‐inducing potential

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