Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula.

Décsi, Támas; Thiel, Iris; Koletzko, Berthold

doi:10.1136/fn.72.1.f23

Cited by 58 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Studies assessing the relationship between brain fatty acids and diet in infancy have demonstrated that breast-fed infants have higher concentrations of DHA in their cerebral cortex compared with infants fed formula without AA and DHA (Farquharson et al, 1992;1995), but there were no differences in the level of AA. Makrides et al, (1994) and Decsi et al, (1995) observed that infants fed with formula without AA and DHA develop AA and DHA depletion of structural lipids.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

et al. 2002

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Objective: To investigate differences in fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, and in term infant formulas. Setting: Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, University of Barcelona, Spain and University Hospital of Granada, Spain. Subjects: One-hundred and twenty mothers and 11 available types of infant formulas for term infants. Design: We analysed the fatty acid composition of colostrum (n ¼ 40), transitional milk (n ¼ 40), mature milk (n ¼ 40) and 11 infant formulas. We also analysed the fatty acid composition at sn-2 position in colostrum (n ¼ 12), transitional milk (n ¼ 12), mature milk (n ¼ 12), and the 11 infant formulas. Results: Human milk in Spain had low saturated fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids and high linolenic acid. Infant formulas and mature human milk had similar fatty acid composition. In mature milk, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-2 position (86.25%), and oleic and linoleic acids were predominantly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions (12.22 and 22.27%, respectively, in the sn-2 position). In infant formulas, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-1,3 positions and oleic and linoleic acids had higher percentages at the sn-2 position than they do in human milk. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of human milk in Spain seems to reflect the Mediterranean dietary habits of mothers. Infant formulas resemble the fatty acid profile of human milk, but the distribution of fatty acids at the sn-2 position is markedly different.

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Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

et al. 2002

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“…This was followed by measurement of a variety of reflex and sensorimotor functions, including tactile responsiveness, postural adjustment capabilities, and muscle tone. In addition, the response to a brief challenge was assessed during a 6-min session in which the animal was placed into a small cage (see above for description of the housing cage used during d [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The test cage was empty except for an absorbent liner pad and the stimulus used for the visual orienting items.…”

Section: Neonatal Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Formula Supplementation and Neuromotor Development in Rhesus Monkey Neonates

Champoux¹,

Hibbeln²,

Shannon³

et al. 2002

Pediatr Res

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is highly concentrated in CNS tissues. Although breast milk contains the fatty acids DHA and arachidonic acid, infant formulas marketed in North America do not contain these nutrients. The potential deleterious effects of rearing infants with formulas devoid of these nutrients was assessed by comparing nurseryreared rhesus macaque infants (Macaca mulatta) fed standard formula with infants fed standard formula supplemented with physiologically relevant concentrations of DHA (1.0%) and arachidonic acid (1.0%). Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted on d 7, 14, 21, and 30 of life using blinded raters. The 30-min assessment consisted of 45 test items measuring orienting, temperament, reflex capabilities, and motor skills. Plasma concentrations of DHA in standard formula-fed infants were significantly lower than those fed supplemented formula or mother-raised (breast-fed) infants; however, infants fed the supplemented formula exhibited higher arachidonic acid levels than either mother-reared infants or infants fed standard formula. Infant monkeys fed the supplemented formula exhibited stronger orienting and motor skills than infants fed the standard formula, with the differences most pronounced during d 7 and 14. This pattern suggests an earlier maturation of specific visual and motor abilities in the supplemented infants. Supplementation did not affect measures of activity or state control, indicating no effect on temperament. These data support the assertion that preformed DHA and arachidonic acid in infant formulas are required for optimal development. There has been great interest in understanding the role of the long-chain fatty acids in promoting optimal cognitive and neurologic development. Although these nutrients are present in all mammalian breast milks, commercially available infant formulas do not support the tissue requirement for these nutrients in developing infants (1-4). The LC-PUFAs AA (20:4 n-6) and DHA (22:6 n-3) are selectively concentrated in the cellular membranes of neural and retinal tissues (5). Although human infants are able to synthesize AA and DHA from the precursor molecules linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and ␣-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) (6 -8), the rate of synthesis appears to be inadequate to meet the developmental demands of infants (7). In addition, uptake of DHA into brain tissue is more efficient than formation of DHA from ␣-linolenic acid (9). Human breast milk from women in all countries studied delivers both preformed AA and DHA to the developing infant (10). In contrast, commercially available infant formulas in the United States are virtually devoid of DHA and AA but contain the precursor fatty acids 18:2 n6 and 18:3 n3 (11). Thus, formulafed infants exhibit lower levels of AA and DHA in blood and brain tissues relative to their breast-fed counterparts [blood (12, 13); brain (1-4)]. These findings have prompted efforts to determine the physiologic benefits of LC-PUFA, particularly DHA, in infant nutrition and development....

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“…In contrast to human milk, commercial infant formulas until recently did not contain LCPUFA (Koletzko & Bremer, 1989). Term and particularly preterm infants, fed formulas that contain linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid but are devoid of LCPUFA, develop LCPUFA depletion of structural lipids, as measured by plasma and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (Putnam et al 1982;Koletzko et al 1989;Makrides et al 1994;Decsi et al 1995). Studies assessing the relationship between brain fatty acids and diet in infancy have demonstrated that breast fed infants have higher concentrations of DHA in their cerebral cortex compared with infants fed formula milk (Farquharson et al 1992(Farquharson et al , 1995Makrides et al 1994).…”

Section: Lcpufa Supplementation For Term Infants?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipids and infant formulas

Forsyth

1998

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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The ultimate goal in the design of infant formula is to achieve the outcome seen in breast fed infants. This review of lipids in infant formulas for term infants begins by refemng to the lipid composition of human milk, and relates that to differences in lipid digestion and metabolism which exist between breast fed and formula fed infants and which may significantly influence fatty acid bioavailability.Recommendations are made for the lipid content and fatty acid composition of term infant formulas (especially for lauric, linoleic, a-linolenic, long chain 20 and 22C n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the trans fatty acids).Further research is required to define more clearly the long term nutritional, growth and developmental effects of structured lipids in formulas for term infants. More information is required on the differential handling of LCPUFA and other fatty acids at the organ and cellular level. There is a need for large (multi-centre) randomized studies to determine the short and long term functional effects of LCPUFA supplementation. Further research and development is required to determine a commercial source of LCPUFA which is safe, effective and economic. Further information is required on the short and long term effects of cholesterol intake during infancy, and in particular its relationship to LCPUFA metabolism. Long term studies should be initiated to determine the relationship of infant diet (especially saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intake) to the development of cardiovascular disease.

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Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula.

Cited by 58 publications

References 35 publications

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

Fatty Acid Formula Supplementation and Neuromotor Development in Rhesus Monkey Neonates

Lipids and infant formulas

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