Essential amino acid requirements of four species of parasitic Hymenoptera

RETRACTED: Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans

“…In addition, we noted significant increases in the number of amino acid transporter genes in C. chilonis ( Figure 6 ), although the biological significance of this finding remains unclear. Our results are consistent with previous studies on the requirements of essential amino acids for parasitoid wasps and also explained why parasitoid wasps cannot survive on the chemically defined media without one or more kinds of these critical nutrients ( Thompson, 1976 ; Thompson, 1981 ; Thompson, 1986 ; Bale et al, 2008 ). The metabolomic analysis showed that parasitism by C. chilonis significantly changed the levels of various amino acids in host hemolymph ( Figure 5A ).…”

“…Our analysis above has shown that the C. chilonis has experienced pathway and gene losses in its evolutionary history that have disrupted the biosynthesis of eight amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine) ( Figure 4A , Supplementary file 2 – Table 4, Table 5). All these are essential amino acids for parasitoids except tyrosine, which can be synthesized from phenylalanine ( Thompson, 1981 ). The genes related to the biosynthesis of three other essential amino acids (arginine, methionine and threonine) were not lost.…”

RETRACTED: Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans

“…In addition, we noted significant increases in the number of amino acid transporter genes in C. chilonis ( Figure 6 ), although the biological significance of this finding remains unclear. Our results are consistent with previous studies on the requirements of essential amino acids for parasitoid wasps and also explained why parasitoid wasps cannot survive on the chemically defined media without one or more kinds of these critical nutrients ( Thompson, 1976 ; Thompson, 1981 ; Thompson, 1986 ; Bale et al, 2008 ). The metabolomic analysis showed that parasitism by C. chilonis significantly changed the levels of various amino acids in host hemolymph ( Figure 5A ).…”

“…Our analysis above has shown that the C. chilonis has experienced pathway and gene losses in its evolutionary history that have disrupted the biosynthesis of eight amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine) ( Figure 4A , Supplementary file 2 – Table 4, Table 5). All these are essential amino acids for parasitoids except tyrosine, which can be synthesized from phenylalanine ( Thompson, 1981 ). The genes related to the biosynthesis of three other essential amino acids (arginine, methionine and threonine) were not lost.…”

Plant resistance does not compromise parasitoid-based biocontrol of a strawberry pest

“…Conversely, in some cases, individual amino acids can also show toxic effects for herbivores 29,30 . In our study, parasitoid performance correlated positively with www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ β-cyano-L-alanine and arginine, with the later previously found to be an essential requirement for rearing different parasitoid species in artificial media 31 . Interestingly, threonine, which is also listed as an essential amino acid for artificial parasitoid rearing, was associated with pre-pupal mortality of the host larva in our system.…”

Genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis sheds light on amino acid resource exploitation

“…Based on the protocols for rearing other parasitoid wasps [ 33 , 34 ], the chemically defined rearing media were prepared in our laboratory following the composition of Grace’s Insect Medium (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 11605; see detail components and concentrations in Additional file 1 : Table S22). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Shanghai, China).…”

“…Eleven other mediums were formulated by deleting only one amino acid (including ten amino acids which C. chilonis cannot synthesize and one amino acid (glycine) which C. chilonis can synthesize). The deletion was accompanied by proportional increases in the quantity of all the remaining amino acids to maintain a constant amino acid level through adding a single amino acid, namely, glutamate, as described previously [ 33 , 34 ]. Each artificial rearing medium was then sterilized by passing through a 0.22-mm filter (Merck Millipore Ltd.; Tullagreen, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, IRL).…”

RETRACTED: Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans

“…In addition, we noted significant increases in the number of amino acid transporter genes in C. chilonis ( Figure 6 ), although the biological significance of this finding remains unclear. Our results are consistent with previous studies on the requirements of essential amino acids for parasitoid wasps and also explained why parasitoid wasps cannot survive on the chemically defined media without one or more kinds of these critical nutrients ( Thompson, 1976 ; Thompson, 1981 ; Thompson, 1986 ; Bale et al, 2008 ). The metabolomic analysis showed that parasitism by C. chilonis significantly changed the levels of various amino acids in host hemolymph ( Figure 5A ).…”

“…Our analysis above has shown that the C. chilonis has experienced pathway and gene losses in its evolutionary history that have disrupted the biosynthesis of eight amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine) ( Figure 4A , Supplementary file 2 – Table 4, Table 5). All these are essential amino acids for parasitoids except tyrosine, which can be synthesized from phenylalanine ( Thompson, 1981 ). The genes related to the biosynthesis of three other essential amino acids (arginine, methionine and threonine) were not lost.…”

Plant resistance does not compromise parasitoid-based biocontrol of a strawberry pest

“…Conversely, in some cases, individual amino acids can also show toxic effects for herbivores 29,30 . In our study, parasitoid performance correlated positively with www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ β-cyano-L-alanine and arginine, with the later previously found to be an essential requirement for rearing different parasitoid species in artificial media 31 . Interestingly, threonine, which is also listed as an essential amino acid for artificial parasitoid rearing, was associated with pre-pupal mortality of the host larva in our system.…”

Genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis sheds light on amino acid resource exploitation

“…Based on the protocols for rearing other parasitoid wasps [ 33 , 34 ], the chemically defined rearing media were prepared in our laboratory following the composition of Grace’s Insect Medium (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 11605; see detail components and concentrations in Additional file 1 : Table S22). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Shanghai, China).…”

“…Eleven other mediums were formulated by deleting only one amino acid (including ten amino acids which C. chilonis cannot synthesize and one amino acid (glycine) which C. chilonis can synthesize). The deletion was accompanied by proportional increases in the quantity of all the remaining amino acids to maintain a constant amino acid level through adding a single amino acid, namely, glutamate, as described previously [ 33 , 34 ]. Each artificial rearing medium was then sterilized by passing through a 0.22-mm filter (Merck Millipore Ltd.; Tullagreen, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, IRL).…”

RETRACTED: Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans

“…In addition, we noted significant increases in the number of amino acid transporter genes in C. chilonis ( Figure 6 ), although the biological significance of this finding remains unclear. Our results are consistent with previous studies on the requirements of essential amino acids for parasitoid wasps and also explained why parasitoid wasps cannot survive on the chemically defined media without one or more kinds of these critical nutrients ( Thompson, 1976 ; Thompson, 1981 ; Thompson, 1986 ; Bale et al, 2008 ). The metabolomic analysis showed that parasitism by C. chilonis significantly changed the levels of various amino acids in host hemolymph ( Figure 5A ).…”

“…Our analysis above has shown that the C. chilonis has experienced pathway and gene losses in its evolutionary history that have disrupted the biosynthesis of eight amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine) ( Figure 4A , Supplementary file 2 – Table 4, Table 5). All these are essential amino acids for parasitoids except tyrosine, which can be synthesized from phenylalanine ( Thompson, 1981 ). The genes related to the biosynthesis of three other essential amino acids (arginine, methionine and threonine) were not lost.…”

Plant resistance does not compromise parasitoid-based biocontrol of a strawberry pest

“…Conversely, in some cases, individual amino acids can also show toxic effects for herbivores 29,30 . In our study, parasitoid performance correlated positively with www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ β-cyano-L-alanine and arginine, with the later previously found to be an essential requirement for rearing different parasitoid species in artificial media 31 . Interestingly, threonine, which is also listed as an essential amino acid for artificial parasitoid rearing, was associated with pre-pupal mortality of the host larva in our system.…”

Genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis sheds light on amino acid resource exploitation

“…Based on the protocols for rearing other parasitoid wasps [ 33 , 34 ], the chemically defined rearing media were prepared in our laboratory following the composition of Grace’s Insect Medium (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 11605; see detail components and concentrations in Additional file 1 : Table S22). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Shanghai, China).…”

“…Eleven other mediums were formulated by deleting only one amino acid (including ten amino acids which C. chilonis cannot synthesize and one amino acid (glycine) which C. chilonis can synthesize). The deletion was accompanied by proportional increases in the quantity of all the remaining amino acids to maintain a constant amino acid level through adding a single amino acid, namely, glutamate, as described previously [ 33 , 34 ]. Each artificial rearing medium was then sterilized by passing through a 0.22-mm filter (Merck Millipore Ltd.; Tullagreen, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, IRL).…”