Equity and Premarital Sex

Hatfield, Elaine; Walster, G. William; Traupmann, Jane

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-022234-9.50053-4

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Kurzban and Leary (2001) asserted that people do not value relationships with those who have little to offer them (in the form of material, financial, or social resources) and typically avoid or ostracize those who exploit relationships by taking more than what they provide. This latter argument is supported by research that has demonstrated that inequity in relationships lowers an individual's satisfaction with, as well as undermines, such relationships (Hatfield, Walster, & Traupmann, 1978).…”

Section: Social Investments and Avoiding Social Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood: Evolutionary, Psychosocial, and Neurobiological Perspectives.

Allen

Badcock

2003

Psychological Bulletin

392

304

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The authors hypothesize that depressed states evolved to minimize risk in social interactions in which individuals perceive that the ratio of their social value to others, and their social burden on others, is at a critically low level. When this ratio reaches a point where social value and social burden are approaching equivalence, the individual is in danger of exclusion from social contexts that, over the course of evolution, have been critical to fitness. Many features of depressed states can be understood in relation to mechanisms that reduce social risk in such circumstances, including (a) hyper-sensitivity to signals of social threat from others, (b) sending signals to others that reduce social risks, and (c) inhibiting risk-seeking (e.g., confident, acquisitive) behaviors. These features are discussed in terms of psychosocial and neurobiological research on depressive phenomena.

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Section: Social Investments and Avoiding Social Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood: Evolutionary, Psychosocial, and Neurobiological Perspectives.

Allen

Badcock

2003

Psychological Bulletin

392

304

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“…However, casually and steadily dating couples have been asked about their passionate and companionate feelings in other survey studies (see Hatfield, Walster, & Traupmann, 1978). (In previous studies, however, dating couples felt less passion than do our newlyweds; see Figure 2.)…”

Section: Gender Differences In Lovementioning

confidence: 94%

The Endurance of Love: Passionate and Companionate Love in Newlywed and Long-Term Marriages

Hatfield

Pillemer

O’Brien³

et al. 2008

IJPR

Self Cite

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Most theorists assume that the passage of time will have a very different impact on passionate versus companionate love. Passionate love is said to decline fairly quickly, while companionate love is thought to remain fairly stable (or actually increase) over time.This hypothesis was tested in two studies. In Study 1, we interviewed 53 newlywed couples soon after their marriages and again one year later, when presumably (for some) the "honeymoon was over." In Study 2, we interviewed a random sample of 240 older women, ranging in age from 50-82, who had been married varying lengths of time. (The median length of marriage was 33 years.) We asked about their passionate and companionate love for their partners and their partner's love for them.In Study 1, it was found that although newlywed men and women loved with equal passion, women tended to love their partners more companionately than they were loved in return. (This is in accord with previous research with dating couples.) The results for people married many years were more complex.Finally, we turned to the question with which we are most concerned: What impact does time have on love? In both Study 1 and Study 2, time did have a corrosive effect on lovebut to our surprise it appeared to have an equally detrimental effect on both passionate and companionate love. In almost all cultures, people distinguish between passionate and companionate love (Fehr, 1988;Fischer, Shaver, & Carnochan, 1990; Hatfield, Rapson, & Martel, 2007). KeywordsPassionate love (sometimes called "romantic love," "obsessive love," "infatuation," "lovesickness," or "being-in-love") is a powerful emotional state. It has been defined as:A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate love is a complex functional whole including appraisals or appreciations, subjective feelings, expressions, patterned physiological processes, action tendencies, and instrumental behaviors. Reciprocated love (union with the other) is associated with fulfillment and ecstasy. Unrequited love (separation) is associated with feelings of emptiness, anxiety, and despair (Hatfield & Rapson, 1993, p. 5).Companionate love is a far less intense emotion. It combines feelings of attachment, commitment, and intimacy. It has been defined as: "The affection and tenderness we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined" (Hatfield & Rapson, 1993, p. 9).Scholars have argued that when ordinary people are asked what they mean by "love" they seem to distinguish "being in love" from "loving" (Myers & Berscheid, 1997).Passionate love is generally associated with passion, sexual desire, excitement, and a variety of other intense emotions-such as yearning, jealousy, anxiety, and so forth (see Aron, Fisher, and Strong, 2006;Sternberg, 1997). Companionate love is typified by attachment, trust, intimacy, closeness, and commitment Fehr, 1988;Hendrick & Hendrick, 1989;Mikulincer & Goodman, 2006; Sternberg & Weis, 2007). (For a comprehensive summary of the nature of love, see Aron, Fisher, & Strong, 2006;Sternbe...

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“…In two studies the researchers did make this comparison in regard to the effect of initial differences in equity. Hatfield, Walster, and Traupmann (1978) interviewed 517 subjects who were either casually or steadily dating, and assessed the equity of their dating relationships. In comparison with those in less equitable relationships, those who felt that their relationships were equitable were more satisfied, more likely to be sexually active, and more confident that their relationship would continue.…”

Section: Early Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus there is some evidence that later attraction and relation-ship continuation can be reliably predicted via measures taken very early in a relationship. In general, two sorts of measures have been examined: (a) rather general measures such as satisfaction and commitment (Berg, 1984;Rusbult, 1983) and (b) more specific measures of social exchange behavior (Berg 1984;Hatfield et al, 1978;Hays, 1984Hays, , 1985Rusbult, 1983). The researchers who used both types provided some evidence that the more general measures may be somewhat better predictors of relationship continuation or termination because they represent composites reflecting the influence of multiple factors (cf.…”

Section: Early Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attraction and exchange in continuing and noncontinuing dating relationships.

Berg¹,

McQuinn²

1986

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Measures enabling one to assess general feelings about a relationship, social exchange behaviors, and the particularism and symbolism of resources given to and received from another were examined longitudinally in 38 dating couples. These variables were first measured shortly after a couple began to date and again approximately 4 months later. We found that in contrast to what might be expected from prevailing theories of relationship development, the later status of couples (still dating or broken up) could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy from the initial measures. This finding corroborates and extends previous work dealing with same-sex friendships. Couples who were still dating 4 months later demonstrated greater love, more relationship-maintaining behaviors, more favorable evaluations of the dating relationship, and greater amounts of self-disclosure at the time of initial contact than did couples who broke up. Over time, these differences (as well as others) between couples who did and who did not continue dating intensified. In terms of the types of resources subjects gave and received from their dating partner, more particularistic and more symbolic resources were exchanged in continuing couples only later. Although both continuing and noncontinuing couples showed a decrease in the correlation between the love that members reported, this was offset in continuing daters by increasingly similar reports of reward, equity, and liking. Results are discussed in terms of initial versus gradually evolving differences between continuing and noncontinuing relationships.

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Equity and Premarital Sex

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

The Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood: Evolutionary, Psychosocial, and Neurobiological Perspectives.

The Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood: Evolutionary, Psychosocial, and Neurobiological Perspectives.

The Endurance of Love: Passionate and Companionate Love in Newlywed and Long-Term Marriages

Attraction and exchange in continuing and noncontinuing dating relationships.

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