Equine limb cellulitis/lymphangitis resulting in distal limb ischaemia and avulsion of the hoof capsule

Abstract

Summary Limb cellulitis/lymphangitis is a well‐recognised syndrome in horses, but there are limited published reports concerning outcomes and complications. This report describes a horse with hindlimb cellulitis/lymphangitis that developed ischaemia of the distal limb resulting in necrosis of the suspensory ligament branches and avulsion of the hoof capsule. A 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare was referred for further investigation and treatment of a left hindlimb cellulitis/lymphangitis. The culture of a swab taken from superficial pustules on the leg yielded a moderate growth of coliform bacteria and a profuse growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment included systemic antimicrobials (based on the results of culture and sensitivity), phenylbutazone, dexamethasone, morphine and paracetamol. Following some initial clinical improvement, hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint was noted on Day 5 of hospitalisation. Complete avulsion of the ipsilateral hoof capsule occurred on Day 10, and the horse was immediately euthanised. A limited post‐mortem examination revealed necrosis of the suspensory ligament branches. Fibrin thrombi, interstitial haemorrhage and oedema were identified in the suspensory ligament branches and adjacent subcutaneous tissues, with thrombi in relatively large vessels. The dermal laminae were extensively necrotic, and the majority of the lamellar vasculature contained fibrin thrombi.

Hypercoagulation and thrombosis associated with infection in horses

“…Thrombosis is a potentially life‐threatening complication of inflammation and infection in horses. Once established, treatment is difficult and resulting ischaemia can lead to severe tissue damage such as sloughing of the skin or, as described in the article by Duggan and colleagues in this issue of Equine Veterinary Education , tissue necrosis and avulsion of the hoof capsule (Duggan et al., 2022). Clinically, the most effective approach is therefore early identification of at‐risk patients and targeted preventive treatment with anticoagulants in high‐risk candidates.…”