Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome: static and dynamic competitive balance in European and North American sports leagues

Szymanski, Stefan; Smith, Ron

doi:10.4337/9781843767367.00015

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…5 Specifically, four teams are relegated from serie A to B and are replaced by the same number of promoted clubs. This system facilitates a high degree of turnover of serie A clubs, allowing for equality of opportunity for smaller teams but not necessarily equality of outcomes, because the top places in serie A are typically dominated by a small number of large clubs (Szymanski, 2002). Most Italian cities have a local team (some more than one) that is supported by the community both in terms of committed fans and commercial sponsorship.…”

Section: Data and Stylized Facts On Italian Soccermentioning

confidence: 99%

Superstar Effects in Sport

Lucifora

Simmons

2003

Journal of Sports Economics

216

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This article investigates wage determination among professional soccer players appearing in the Italian league. Given the popularity of “top” soccer players, the relationship between individual productivity and pay can lead to “superstar” effects. In that context, the marginal revenue product of a soccer player is related to the extra price that a spectator is willing to pay to see him play (live or on television) times the number of spectators who are attracted. The authors use rare data on individual earnings and other personal characteristics of a set of soccer players in the 1995-1996 Italian league season to estimate human capital earnings equations and test for superstar effects in wage determination via convexity of earnings in performance. Earnings are found to be highly convex in two performance measures after controlling for a set of personal characteristics and team fixed effects.

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Section: Data and Stylized Facts On Italian Soccermentioning

confidence: 99%

Superstar Effects in Sport

Lucifora

Simmons

2003

Journal of Sports Economics

216

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“…However, much less work has been done on the time series behavior of competitive balance in world football (soccer). Szymanski and Kuypers (), Szymanski and Smith (), and Groot () all incorporate simple tracking of competitive balance over time in European football, and Palacios‐Huerta () analyzes break points in the time series of football production components on the field . In this paper, we apply what has come to be called the ‘BP method’ (Perron, ; Bai and Perron, , ) to measures of competitive balance in the Football League First Division/English Football Association Premier League, 1888–2007 (henceforth, the EPL).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive Balance: Time Series Lessons from the English Premier League

Lee

Fort

2012

Scottish J Political Eco

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Structural break points in the First Division/English Premier League time series of competitive balance identify an Early Period, a Pre‐World War II Period, a Post‐War Period, and a Modern Period. The Early Period corresponds to technology diffusion (defense and tactics) along with important economic structural imposition by leagues. The war periods are common to many time series. The Modern Period's sharp decline in balance corresponds to the newest version of the Champions League in 1994/1995 and the Bosman Ruling of 1995. Rottenberg's invariance principle suggests that it would be the former, rather than the latter, responsible for the historical rate of decline that follows this structural break.

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“…Because it understates imbalance, parity in the NHL was actually about 17% worse than calculated under the RSD (1,0.5,0) approximation prior to the additional one point for an overtime loss point scheme (for example, in Fort, 1992, andSzymanski andSmith, 2002). Parity in European football was actually 15% worse than calculated under the RSD (1,0.5,0) approximation (for example, in Szymanski and Smith, 2002). But that is about all that can be said given the C-H article.…”

Section: The Usefulness Of Balance Measuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comments on ``Measuring Parity''

Fort

2007

Journal of Sports Economics

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From historical odds Cain and Haddock assign the probability of a tie at 25% and offer functional forms for the standard deviation of a league with equal chances of a win for each team under different point assignment schemes. They then track the ratio of actual to these idealized standard deviations and argue against using an approximation that assigns half a win to both teams in a tie game or match. Their article contains some confusing use of nomenclature and there are some important lapses in scholarship. But perhaps more important, they ignore the fact (after acknowledging it) that if one uses percentages rather than absolute points, their measures of competitive balance are invariant to the point system actually used. Although their point is well-taken for competitive balance questions where absolute points might prove informative, for other competitive balance questions their point is not.

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Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome: static and dynamic competitive balance in European and North American sports leagues

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Superstar Effects in Sport

Superstar Effects in Sport

Competitive Balance: Time Series Lessons from the English Premier League

Comments on ``Measuring Parity''

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