Epstein-Barr virus in oral mucosa from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients

Santos, Larissa Silva; Azevedo, Kátia Martins Lopes de; Silva, Licínio Esmeraldo da; Oliveira, Ledy H. S.

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.60.03.016

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A lower CD4þ T-cell count was associated with HPV infection and EBV viral load; higher HIV viral load was associated with EBV infection, and younger age at HIV diagnosis was associated with KSHV viral load. These associations likely reflect immunosuppression with increased susceptibility to oral virus infection or replication, and are consistent with the higher prevalence rates of both HPV and EBV in HIV-infected individuals [Hille et al, 2002;Miller et al, 2006;Webster-Cyriaque et al, 2006;McLemore et al, 2010;Gillison et al, 2012;Santos et al, 2014]. Overall, CD4þ T-cell counts were relatively high, suggesting that even subtle perturbations in CD4þ T-cell count may affect HPV and EBV positivity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Prevalence and risk factors for oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth

Kahn

Rudy

et al. 2016

J. Med. Virol.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) may promote oral cancers, especially among immunosuppressed individuals. The aims of this study were to examine whether demographic characteristics, medical history, sexual behaviors, substance use, CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, and HPV vaccination were associated with HPV, EBV and KSHV infection and viral load. Multivariable modeling using logistic or linear regression examined associations between independent variables and infection or viral load, respectively. Among 272 HIV-infected 12–24 year-old youth, 19.5% were positive for oral HPV, 88.2% for EBV, and 11.8% for KSHV. In multivariable models, recent marijuana use (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.02–3.82) and lower CD4+ T-cell count (< 350 vs. ≥ 350 cells/mm3: OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.003–3.69) were associated with HPV infection; lifetime tobacco use (estimated coefficient [EC] 1.55, standard error [SE] 0.53, p=.0052) with HPV viral load; recent tobacco use (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.06–7.97) and higher HIV viral load (≥ 400 vs. < 400 copies/mL: OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.84–8.74) with EBV infection; Black vs. White race (EC 1.18, SE 0.37, p=.0023) and lower CD4+ T-cell count (EC 0.70, SE 0.28, p=.017) with EBV viral load, male vs. female gender (OR 10, 95% CI 1.32–100) with KSHV infection, and younger age at HIV diagnosis (1–14 vs. 18–20 years: EC 0.33, SE 0.16, p=.049; 15–17 vs. 18–20 years: EC 0.35, SE 0.13, p=.0099) with KSHV viral load. In conclusion, substance use and immunosuppression are associated with oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Prevalence and risk factors for oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth

Kahn

Rudy

et al. 2016

J. Med. Virol.

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“…In comparison, infected healthy periodontal sites and gingivitis lesions typically harbor herpesviruses copy counts in the range of 1,000–20,000/ml . Herpesviruses are also prominent in periodontitis of various syndromes and in periodontal lesions , saliva and oral mucosa of HIV‐infected individuals. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus occurred with high frequency in both shallow and deep periodontal pockets of patients with type 2 diabetes , which may partly explain the elevated risk of diabetic patients to develop periodontitis.…”

Section: Disease Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk

Slots¹

2015

Periodontology 2000

102

153

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Periodontitis is an infectious/inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses are frequent inhabitants of periodontitis lesions, and the periodontopathogenicity of these viruses is the topic of this review. In 26 recent studies from 15 countries, subgingival cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1, respectively, yielded median prevalences of 49%, 45% and 63% in aggressive periodontitis, 40%, 32% and 45% in chronic periodontitis, and 3%, 7% and 12% in healthy periodontium. An active herpesvirus infection of the periodontium exhibits site specificity, is a potent stimulant of cellular immunity, may cause upgrowth of periodontopathic bacteria and tends to be related to disease-active periodontitis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by the herpesvirus infection may activate matrix metalloproteinases and osteoclasts, leading to breakdown of the tooth-supportive tissues. The notion that a co-infection of herpesviruses and specific bacteria causes periodontitis provides a plausible etiopathogenic explanation for the disease. Moreover, herpesvirus virions from periodontal sites may dislodge into saliva or enter the systemic circulation and cause diseases beyond the periodontium. Periodontal treatment can diminish significantly the periodontal load of herpesviruses, which may lower the incidence and magnitude of herpesvirus dissemination within and between individuals, and subsequently the risk of acquiring a variety of medical diseases. Novel and more effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of periodontitis and related diseases may depend on a better understanding of the herpesvirus-bacteria-immune response axis.

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“…Moreover, detection of markers for EBV is useful to study the virus pathogenesis in the epithelial tissues. In a previous study we reported the presence of EBV DNA and RNA in a sampling of asymptomatic HIV positive subjects (Santos et al 2014). Here we searched for EBV markers in five individuals carrying symptomatic oral diseases.…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Oral Disease in Five Patients Infected With Hiv and Screened for Epstein-Barr Virus

Santos

Azevedo

Oliveira

2015

VR&R

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Oral opportunistic infections can lead to a range of diseases in people who are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among them, herpes viruses are responsible for common diseases in HIV positive people. Both benign and malignant oral diseases are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Five cases of oral lesions from a cohort of HIV positive patients were associated with EBV detection in the oral mucosa. Active EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in three of the samples. Of the two cases with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1)-like ulcers, only one was associated with EBV detection. Similarly, only one candidiasis case was also EBV DNA positive. Severe immunosuppression was found in the patient with candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia. This man, who harbored the EBV-2 strain, was also positive for EBNA-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) message and showed several symptoms indicative of disease development. This study provides baseline data on the dynamics of opportunistic oral infections in HIV infected individuals in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), as well as the detection of EBV markers and their link with clinical outcome.

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Epstein-Barr virus in oral mucosa from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients

Cited by 13 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence and risk factors for oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth

Prevalence and risk factors for oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth

Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk

Oral Disease in Five Patients Infected With Hiv and Screened for Epstein-Barr Virus

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