Epigenetic maintenance of the vernalized state in Arabidopsis thaliana requires LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1

Sung, Sibum; He, Yuehui; Eshoo, Tifani W.; Tamada, Yosuke; Johnson, Lianna M.; Nakahigashi, Kenji; Goto, Koji; Jacobsen, Steve; Amasino, Richard M.

doi:10.1038/ng1795

Cited by 307 publications

(282 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…2014); COLDAIR represents the regions homologous to the COLDAIR RNA ‐encoding region (Heo & Sung 2011); vernalization response element ( VRE ) indicates the region homologous to the VRE of A. thaliana identified in Sung et al . (2006); peak regions with windows containing significantly more SNP s than expected in a random distribution are marked by *.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2014), and the second was present upstream of the VRE (Sung et al . 2006) (Figs 5A, S19 and S20, Supporting information). Sequence differences in these two regions might contribute to the different expression patterns of FLC orthologues detected in annual and perennial species, because they are highly polymorphic in two independent occurrences of divergence of annual and perennial patterns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowest diagram shows a deletion mutant in which FLC was not stably repressed after vernalization and defines the VRE (Sung et al . 2006). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study identified the vernalization response element (VRE) whose deletion leads to unstable repression of FLC (Sung et al . 2006). Subsequently, parts of the VRE were reported to act as the promoter of a noncoding sense RNA named COLDAIR that interacts with components of the PRC2 complex in vitro (Heo and Sung 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2014), whereas COLDAIR is a sense RNA expressed from the first intron and associated with a sequence important for repression of FLC transcription during vernalization called the vernalization response element (VRE; Sung et al . 2006; Heo & Sung 2011). PEP1 has a more complex structure than FLC , so that the first exon is duplicated in tandem along with the proximal promoter and part of the first intron giving rise to two overlapping transcripts (Albani et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Variation in life history contributes to reproductive success in different environments. Divergence of annual and perennial angiosperm species is an extreme example that has occurred frequently. Perennials survive for several years and restrict the duration of reproduction by cycling between vegetative growth and flowering, whereas annuals live for 1 year and flower once. We used the tribe Arabideae (Brassicaceae) to study the divergence of seasonal flowering behaviour among annual and perennial species. In perennial Brassicaceae, orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a floral inhibitor in Arabidopsis thaliana, are repressed by winter cold and reactivated in spring conferring seasonal flowering patterns, whereas in annuals, they are stably repressed by cold. We isolated FLC orthologues from three annual and two perennial Arabis species and found that the duplicated structure of the A. alpina locus is not required for perenniality. The expression patterns of the genes differed between annuals and perennials, as observed among Arabidopsis species, suggesting a broad relevance of these patterns within the Brassicaceae. Also analysis of plants derived from an interspecies cross of A. alpina and annual A. montbretiana demonstrated that cis‐regulatory changes in FLC orthologues contribute to their different transcriptional patterns. Sequence comparisons of FLC orthologues from annuals and perennials in the tribes Arabideae and Camelineae identified two regulatory regions in the first intron whose sequence variation correlates with divergence of the annual and perennial expression patterns. Thus, we propose that related cis‐acting changes in FLC orthologues occur independently in different tribes of the Brassicaceae during life history evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowest diagram shows a deletion mutant in which FLC was not stably repressed after vernalization and defines the VRE (Sung et al . 2006). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Vernalization

Finnegan¹,

Helliwell²,

Sheldon³

et al. 2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Vernalization, the promotion of flowering in response to a prolonged period of growth at low temperatures, is an important adaptation of plants growing in regions where harsh winters are followed by relatively short growing seasons. In these plants, flowering is triggered by long days but only after the vernalization requirement has been met. Thus, the requirement for vernalization prevents flowering in the long days of autumn and ensures that flowering occurs in the warmer days of spring and summer, allowing sufficient time for seed development before the onset of the next winter. Various crop plants, including the winter cereals and canola, must be vernalized if they are to initiate flowering and set seed. The key genes controlling the response to vernalization differ between monocots and dicots suggesting that this response arose independently after the divergence of the monocot and dicot lineages. Key concepts: Vernalization is the promotion of flowering in response to prolonged periods of low temperatures, such as those experienced in winter. The physiological properties of vernalization are similar in dicots and monocots but the genes controlling this response differ. The vernalized state is inherited through mitotic cell divisions; this memory of winter is provided by epigenetic changes to the chromatin of key genes in the vernalization response, although the nature of these changes differs between monocots and dicots. Epigenetic regulation results in a heritable but potentially reversible change in gene expression that is modulated by changing the accessibility of a gene for transcription. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a key regulator of vernalization responsiveness in the Brassicaceae but the role of FLC homologues in other dicots remains to be elucidated. The regulation of FLC expression is complex and involves both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and FLC has become an important model for studying epigenetic control of plant gene expression. VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 ( VIN3 ) is induced by cold and the VIN3 protein is incorporated into the Polycomb Repression Complex (PRC2) that regulates FLC. Polycomb proteins are conserved across kingdoms and play a role in gene repression in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. The vernalized state is reset each generation; resetting occurs at different times depending on the gamete transmitting FLC . An FLC orthologue conditions the perennial behaviour of Arabis alpina , a relative of Arabidopsis thaliana .

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Epigenetic Regulation in Plants

Temel

Janack

Humbeck

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Environment‐sensitive plant development follows a program inscribed in the DNA, and differential expression of the genes is the prerequisite of this program. In the last decades, it was possible to unravel how genes are correctly transcribed in time and space by interaction of trans‐acting factors with cis elements often located in the promoter of a gene. However recently, we learned that, in addition, another level of control, called epigenetic regulation, acting via alterations in chromatin structure is involved. In this review, we will first summarise the basic mechanisms underlying epigenetic control of gene expression in plants. In the following article, we will focus on some selected recent results showing epigenetic control of major steps in plant development. This review cannot cover all new results in the field and we want to apologise to all who are not mentioned. Key Concepts Plant development involves coordinated expression of genes. Recent findings show that this is also under epigenetic control. Epigenetic control is exerted by different mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodelling. These modifications alter chromatin state, and by this, it can induce or repress expression of genes. Major developmental steps, including seed development, flowering, sexual reproduction and leaf senescence are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Stress responses of plants are also regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.

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Epigenetic maintenance of the vernalized state in Arabidopsis thaliana requires LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1

Cited by 307 publications

References 30 publications

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Vernalization

Epigenetic Regulation in Plants

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