Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Viruses: A Global Overview

Te, Helen S.; Jensen, Donald M.

doi:10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.009

Cited by 413 publications

(341 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The areas with low endemicity (<2%) include United States, Western Europe and Australia. 5 Since India has one-fifth of the world's population, it accounts for a large proportion of the worldwide HBV burden. India harbors 10-15% of the entire pool of HBV carriers of the world.…”

Section: H Epatitis B Virus (Hbv) Infection Continues Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Puri

2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

119

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Globally, approximately 240 people have been infected worldwide with hepatitis B Virus (HBV). India has approximately HBV carrier rate of 3.0% with a high prevalence rate in the tribal population. With a population of more than 1.25 billion, India has more than 37 million HBV carriers and contributes a large proportion of this HBV burden. While horizontal transmission in childhood appears to be a major route of transmission, the role of vertical transmission is probably underestimated. Blood transfusion and unsafe therapeutic injections continue to be important modes of transmission of HBV. There is a need for large field studies to better understand HBV epidemiology and identify high prevalence areas, and public health measures to prevent disease transmission and decrease the burden of the disease. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2014;4:312-319)

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Section: H Epatitis B Virus (Hbv) Infection Continues Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Puri

2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

119

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“…It is well known that such individuals tend to develop a chronic infection, ultimately leading to chronic hepatitis. Many of these individuals are not clinically ill and are, therefore, unaware of their infection, leading to activities that contribute to an increased incidence of HCV 2,15 . The prevalence of HCV infection in illicit drug users varies from 10% to 95%, refl ecting the presence or absence of specifi c risk factors, such as having a history of drug use, sharing drug paraphernalia (e.g., needles, syringes, pipes, cans, etc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil

Pacheco

Silva-Oliveira

Maradei-Pereira

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Illicit drug users (DUs) are vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The shared use of illicit drugs is the main method of HCV transmission. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Breves, in northern Brazil. We surveyed 187 DUs to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection. Results: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 36.9%, and the prevalence of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was 31%. Hepatitis C virus infection was associated with tattoos, intravenous drug use, shared use of equipment for drug use, drug use for longer than 3 years, and daily drug use. Conclusions: Strategies for preventing and controlling HCV transmission should be implemented among DUs.Keywords: Hepatitis C virus. Illicit drug users. Northern Brazil.Currently, the sharing of drug paraphernalia is the main transmission method for hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. It is estimated that more than 60% of new HCV infection cases recorded each year are related to the use of illicit drugs, particularly injected drugs 1,2 . In Brazil, epidemiological studies of HCV infection in illicit drug users are still rare. The prevalence of HCV infection in illicit drug users sampled in metropolitan areas in the Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions of Brazil ranged from 5% to 36% 3-7 . There are frequent reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups in northern Brazil [8][9][10][11] . It is known that most illicit drug users in Pará do not consume injected drugs and are infected with HCV genotype 1 10,11 . This study estimated the prevalence of HCV infection and assessed the factors associated with HCV infection in illicit drug users in the municipality of Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil.This cross-sectional study of a non-probabilistic convenience sample was based on information and biological samples provided by illicit drug users in an area of intense illicit drug use located in Breves (01° 40' 55" S 50° 28' 48" O), Archipelago of Marajó, Pará, northern Brazil. Illicit drug users in areas of intense drug consumption were sampled using the snowball technique 11 . Individuals were eligible for the study if they were older than 17 years of age and agreed to answer a specifi c questionnaire and have a blood sample taken and tested for molecular and serologic markers in the period from August to All samples were tested for HCV antibodies and hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA). Anti-HCV antibodies were tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Murex anti-HCV 4.0, Murex Biotech). HCV RNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 67 base pairs of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), as described elsewhere 9 . Confi dence intervals (CIs) were determined for infection prevalence estimates. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were calculated to assess the independent effects of variables 12 . The fi t of the fi nal model was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-f...

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“…Intermediate endemicity areas (where 2-7% of the population is HBsAg positive) include South Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe, Russia and Central and South America. 3 A patient presenting with jaundice and detected to be HBsAg positive may not only be due to acute HBV infection, it may often be due to superadded infections like hepatitis E. The conundrum is further compounded by the fact that in these areas of HBV endemicity, acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B are common and may often be the first presentation of the disease. It is estimated that in endemic areas, acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B may account for more than 50% of patients presenting as presumed acute hepatitis B.…”

Section: H Epatitis B Virus (Hbv) Infection Is An Importantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B: The Dilemma of Differentiation from Acute Viral Hepatitis B

Puri

2013

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B are common in endemic countries. Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB-AE) causing derangement of liver functions may be seen in a flare of HBV in immune clearance phase or as a reactivation of HBV in patients with inactive or resolved HBV infection. While reactivation of HBV is usually seen in HBsAg positive patients, it is being increasingly recognized in patients with apparently resolved HBV infection who do not have HBsAg in serum but have IgG antibody to core antigen (anti-HBc) in the serum, especially so in patients on chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In an icteric patient who is HBsAg positive, it may be difficult to differentiate CHB-AE from acute viral hepatitis B (AVH-B). Both may have similar clinical presentation and even IgM anti-HBc, the traditional diagnostic marker of AVH-B, may also appear at the time of exacerbation of CHB. The differentiation between CHB-AE and AVH-B is important not only for prognostication but also because management strategies are different. Most cases of AVH-B will resolve on their own, HBsAg clearance is achieved spontaneously in 90-95% of adults and treatment is rarely indicated except in the few with severe/fulminant disease. In contrast, in CHB-AE, the onset of jaundice may lead to decompensation of liver disease and treatment is warranted. The mechanisms of acute exacerbation and the differentiating features between AVH-B and CHB-AE are reviewed. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2013;3:301-312)

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Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Viruses: A Global Overview

Cited by 413 publications

References 86 publications

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil

Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B: The Dilemma of Differentiation from Acute Viral Hepatitis B

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