Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections

Shapiro, Eugene D.

doi:10.1016/s1045-1870(98)80048-4

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of global mortality and morbidity . Incidence in children is similar in developed and developing countries, but mortality rates are higher in developing countries . Nearly 70% of children between the ages of one and four with respiratory disease and 90% of infants under the age of one require hospitalization…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in pediatric patients

Appak

Duman

Belet

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Syndromic diagnosis by multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests is the most practical approach to respiratory tract infections since the symptoms are rarely agent‐specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the respiratory viruses in children admitted to a university hospital with acute respiratory tract infection during the last 8 years by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A total of 3162 respiratory samples collected from children between April 2011 and April 2018 tested by a multiplex real‐time PCR assay. Two different commercial assays were used during the study period, "AusDiagnostics/Respiratory Pathogens 12 (AusDiagnostics)" used between April 2011 and December 2015, which changed to "Fast Track Diagnostics/Respiratory Pathogens 21 (Fast Track Diagnostics)" after January 2016 to cover more viruses. Nucleic acid extraction was done by EZ1 Advanced XL platform (QIAGEN). Respiratory pathogens detected in 1857 of the 3162 (58.7%) samples. The most prevalent viruses during the 8‐year period were rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV; 36.2%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 19%), and influenza virus A/B (14.7%). Rhinovirus was the main contributor to the RV/EV group as shown by the assay used during the 2016‐2018 period. RV/EV and adenoviruses detected throughout the year. Influenza virus was most frequently detected during January to March when both RSV and metapneumovirus were also in circulation. The coinfection percentage was 10.2%. Rhinovirus was the most common virus in coinfections while RSV plus rhinovirus/enterovirus were the most frequent combination. RSV and metapneumovirus showed a similar seasonal distribution to the influenza virus, which made it necessary to use a virological diagnostic assay during the influenza season.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in pediatric patients

Appak

Duman

Belet

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…1 ARIs affect children regardless of their economic status, with similar incidence rates in both developed and developing countries, but with a higher mortality rate in developing countries. 2 The risk of pneumonia is higher in children in developing countries (10-20%, compared to 3-4% in developed countries). 3 A wide range of etiological agents are responsible for respiratory problems in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen

Panda

Mohakud

Pena

et al. 2014

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

155

146

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Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immune-compromised patients. hMPV is the major etiological agent responsible for about 5% to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. hMPV infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus. Initial infection with hMPV usually occurs during early childhood, but re-infections are common throughout life. Due to the slow growth of the virus in cell culture, molecular methods (such as reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)) are the preferred diagnostic modality for detecting hMPV. A few vaccine candidates have been shown to be effective in preventing clinical disease, but none are yet commercially available. Our understanding of hMPV has undergone major changes in recent years and in this article we will review the currently available information on the molecular biology and epidemiology of hMPV. We will also review the current therapeutic interventions and strategies being used to control hMPV infection, with an emphasis on possible approaches that could be used to develop an effective vaccine against hMPV.

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“…Of the 10 million deaths of children less than 5 years of age throughout the world 1·9 million children died from acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) in the year 2000, 70% of them in sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia (Williams et al 2002). Although the incidence rates of ARI are almost similar in both developed and developing countries, the mortality is higher in developing countries (Shapiro 1998). The risk of pneumonia is 3-6 times higher in children from developing countries (10-20%) as compared to developed countries (3-4%) (Victora et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen

2008

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Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults.The virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, sub family Pneumovirinae and genus Metapneumovirus. Through genetic analysis it has been characterized into two groups A and B which are further divided into four sub-lineages. The virus is difficult to grow in tissue culture and hence reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for N and L gene is the method of choice for diagnosis. The virus has been seen in all countries with seasonal distribution in winter months for temperate and spring/summer for tropical countries. F gene is the most conserved among different lineages and efforts are underway to design recombination vaccine using F gene.

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Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections

Cited by 13 publications

References 51 publications

Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in pediatric patients

Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in pediatric patients

Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen

Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen

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