Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery

Coura, José Rodrigues; Dias, João Carlos Pinto

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009000900006

Cited by 326 publications

(347 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…2003). Human disease is primarily confined to areas of Central and South America where individuals are exposed to infected faeces of domiciliated or invasive triatomines through contact with intact mucosae or abraded skin (Coura & Dias 2009) or by oral ingestion of contaminated food/drink (Shikanai‐Yasuda & Carvalho 2012). In addition, enzootic T. cruzi infection is naturally sustained by an extensive range of domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic mammalian hosts (Noireau et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

et al. 2015

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An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi‐host zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological clines. High‐resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci) genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution. Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species, composed of genetically homogenous strains (A r = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS = 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (A r = 3.40 and 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance >465 km; FST = 0.016–0.084) strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci, likely reflects passive, long‐range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

et al. 2015

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“…Em 2006, o Brasil foi considerado pela Organização Pan Americana de Saúde como o primeiro país latino-americano a interromper a transmissão da doença via vetor, embora esporadicamente novos casos sejam relatados, inclusive de transmissão por alimentos. Hoje estima-se que por volta de 16 milhões de pessoas estejam infectadas pelo Trypanosoma cruzi e cerca de 75 a 90 milhões estejam sob potencial risco de se tornarem infectadas (5) . Embora originária da América Latina, muitos casos da doença ocorrem em outros continentes por conta da migração de indivíduos.…”

Section: Descobertaunclassified

Doença de Chagas: os 100 anos da descoberta e a atualidade do pensamento do seu descobridor

Garcia

2009

Arq. Gastroenterol.

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“…Thus, the only way to fi ght the vector is to improve the conditions at high risk sites by making domestic units impervious to the colonization of Triatomines (physical control), in parallel to the regular and systematic use of insecticides in infested dwellings (chemical control). Control programs in Latin American have traditionally focused on spraying insecticides on houses and household annexes (3) (4) . .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors

Pessoa

Viñas²,

Rosa

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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In the last 15 years, different types of Triatominae resistance to different insecticides have been reported; thus, resistance may be more widespread than known, requiring better characterization and delimitation, which was the aim of this review. This review was structured on a literature search of all articles from 1970 to 2015 in the PubMed database that contained the keywords Insecticide resistance and Triatominae. Out of 295 articles screened by title, 33 texts were selected for detailed analysis. Insecticide resistance of Triatomines is a complex phenomenon that has been primarily reported in Argentina and Bolivia, and is caused by different factors (associated or isolated). Insecticide resistance of Triatominae is a characteristic inherited in an autosomal and semi-dominant manner, and is polygenic, being present in both domestic and sylvatic populations. The toxicological profi le observed in eggs cannot be transposed to different stages of evolution. Different toxicological profi les exist at macro-and microgeographical levels. The insecticide phenotype has both reproductive and developmental costs. Different physiological mechanisms are involved in resistance. Studies of Triatomine resistance to insecticides highlight three defi ciencies in interpreting the obtained results: I) the vast diversity of methodologies, despite the existence of a single guiding protocol; II) the lack of information on the actual impact of resistance ratios in the fi eld; and III) the concept of the susceptibility reference lineage. Research on the biological and behavioral characteristics of each Triatominae species that has evolved resistance is required in relation to the environmental conditions of each region.

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Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery

Cited by 326 publications

References 38 publications

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

Doença de Chagas: os 100 anos da descoberta e a atualidade do pensamento do seu descobridor

History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors

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