Epidemiology and genotypes analysis of human papillomavirus infection in Beijing, China

Abstract

Background This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the female population in Beijing, China, and identify the relationship between HPV genotypes and host factors. Methods HPV testing was performed on women aged 15–89 (mean age 38.0 ± 10.9 years) from Beijing in 2020. High-risk HPV genotyping real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine HPV genotypes. The overall prevalence, age-specific prevalence, genotype distribution, and the correlation between HPV genotypes and cervical cytology were analyzed. Results Among the 25,344 study participants, the single and double infection rates were 18.8% (4,777/25,344) and 4.2% (1,072/25,344), respectively. A total of 6,119 HPV-positive individuals were found to have 91.6% negative results for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), 5.8% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 0.9% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 1.7% high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). In single HPV infections, the HPV16 genotype was highly associated with cervical cytology severity (χ2 trend = 172.487, P < 0.001). Additionally, HPV infection rates increased gradually with age, and statistical differences were observed across age groups (χ2 = 180.575; P < 0.001). High-risk HPV genotypes were highly prevalent in women below 25 years of age and those aged 55–59 years. Cluster analysis revealed that the 13 HPV genotypes could be roughly divided into two groups in a single infection; however, patterns of infection consistent with biological characteristics were not observed. Conclusion High-risk HPV was found in 24.1% of outpatients, with HPV52, HPV58, HPV16, HPV39, and HPV51 being the most common high-risk genotypes. Single high-risk HPV infection was predominant. HPV16, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV52 were associated with cervical lesion progression. HPV16 infection was especially worrying since it aggravates cervical lesions. Because the infection rates of the 13 HPV genotypes differed by age, the peak HPV infection rate should not guide vaccination, screening, and prevention programs. Instead, these initiatives should be tailored based on the regional HPV distribution characteristics. Moreover, it was determined that Beijing’s populace needed to receive treatment for HPV39 infection.

Association between Cervix Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in Iraqi Women

“…Similarly, to our finding the most aggressive HR-HPV in the development of cervical precancerous lesions and malignant cancer was HPV16 [38]. According to a recent study showed that among women in China, founded that HHPV16, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV52 the moist common high risk HPV were associated with CIN and HPV16 infection was especially worrying since it aggravates cervical lesions [39].…”

“…Molecular detection of HR-HPVs was achieved by isolation and purification of DNA from specimens and followed by amplification of 14 specific high-risk HPV genotypes (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 68) using real-time PCR (kit packed from Sacase, Italy) in the urogenital swabs and biopsies. Genomic DNA was extracted from cervical swabs in VTM by using the DNA-Sorb-A (Sacase, Italy) nucleic acid extraction kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

“…Genomic DNA was extracted from cervical swabs in VTM by using the DNA-Sorb-A (Sacase, Italy) nucleic acid extraction kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. A genotyping kit (Sacase, Italy) was used to detect the presence of 14 high-risk HPV genotypes (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66 and 68) in cervical swabs of Iraqi women by Real-Time PCR.…”

“…There are at least 14 different high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that have been identified as being associated with the risk of developing cervical cancer. These types are referred to as "carcinogenic" viral types and include HR-HPV16, 18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, and 68. HR-HPV-induced tumor types can be detected in over 90% of cervical cancer samples and in more than 60% of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) tissues [6].…”