Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring

Omatola, Cornelius Arome; Olaniran, Ademola O.

doi:10.1039/d1em00435b

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(252 reference statements)

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“…The rise in rotavirus transmission within developing nations is attributed to increased population growth and inadequate sanitation, particularly through the contamination of sewage or polluted river water (Omatola and Olaniran, 2022a). Additionally, the presence of rotavirus in drinking water that has undergone final treatment remains a persisting challenge (Van Zyl et al, 2006).…”

Section: Exposure Routes In Emerging Nationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus in developing countries: molecular diversity, epidemiological insights, and strategies for effective vaccination

Sadiq,

Khan

2024

Front. Microbiol.

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Rotavirus (RV) causes the loss of numerous children’s lives worldwide each year, and this burden is particularly heavy in low- and lower-middle-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. RV epidemiology exhibits a diverse range of genotypes, which can vary in prevalence and impact across different regions. The human genotypes that are most commonly recognized are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G8P[8], G9P[8], and G12P[8]. The diversity of rotavirus genotypes presents a challenge in understanding its global distribution and developing effective vaccines. Oral, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines have undergone evaluation in various contexts, encompassing both low-income and high-income populations, demonstrating their safety and effectiveness. Rotavirus vaccines have been introduced and implemented in over 120 countries, offering an opportunity to assess their effectiveness in diverse settings. However, these vaccines were less effective in areas with more rotavirus-related deaths and lower economic status compared to wealthier regions with fewer rotavirus-related deaths. Despite their lower efficacy, rotavirus vaccines significantly decrease the occurrence of diarrheal diseases and related mortality. They also prove to be cost-effective in regions with a high burden of such diseases. Regularly evaluating the impact, influence, and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, especially the newly approved ones for worldwide use, is essential for deciding if these vaccines should be introduced in countries. This is especially important in places with limited resources to determine if a switch to a different vaccine is necessary. Future research in rotavirus epidemiology should focus on a comprehensive understanding of genotype diversity and its implications for vaccine effectiveness. It is crucial to monitor shifts in genotype prevalence and their association with disease severity, especially in high-risk populations. Policymakers should invest in robust surveillance systems to monitor rotavirus genotypes. This data can guide vaccine development and public health interventions. International collaboration and data sharing are vital to understand genotype diversity on a global scale and facilitate the development of more effective vaccines.

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Section: Exposure Routes In Emerging Nationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus in developing countries: molecular diversity, epidemiological insights, and strategies for effective vaccination

Sadiq,

Khan

2024

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Rotavirus transmission through sewage or sewage polluted river water is on the increase in developing countries due to high population growth and poor sanitary conditions [ 58 ]. RV occurrence in finally treated drinking water is also a challenge [ 39 ].…”

Section: Exposure Pathways In Developing Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review

Omatola

Olaniran

2022

Viruses

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Since their first recognition in human cases about four decades ago, rotaviruses have remained the leading cause of acute severe dehydrating diarrhea among infants and young children worldwide. The WHO prequalification of oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV) a decade ago and its introduction in many countries have yielded a significant decline in the global burden of the disease, although not without challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Poised by the unending malady of rotavirus diarrhea and the attributable death cases in developing countries, we provide detailed insights into rotavirus biology, exposure pathways, cellular receptors and pathogenesis, host immune response, epidemiology, and vaccination. Additionally, recent developments on the various host, viral and environmental associated factors impacting ORV performance in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) are reviewed and their significance assessed. In addition, we review the advances in nonvaccine strategies (probiotics, candidate anti-rotaviral drugs, breastfeeding) to disease prevention and management.

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“…Unlike HuNoV GI, HuNoV GII is generally linked to food-related outbreaks, mainly due to food handling and its lower resistance to reclamation treatments [61,62]. RV is remarkably resistant to the reclamation process, being transmitted through contaminated water among other infection pathways and being able to survive for long periods in the environment [63,64]. Our results indicate that 89% of influent wastewater treated with the optimized PMAxx protocol (n = 9) tested positive for HuNoV GI, and 100% tested positive for HuNoV GII, with an average concentration of 4.59 ± 0.32 Log10 gc/L (8/9) and 7.46 ± 0.50 Log10 gc/L (9/9).…”

Section: Assessing Viral Infectivity In Influent Wastewater and Recla...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsid Integrity Detection of Enteric Viruses in Reclaimed Waters

Puchades-Colera,

Díaz-Reolid,

Girón-Guzmán

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and droughts are depleting water resources in some parts of the globe, where recycling and reusing wastewater is a strategy for different purposes. To counteract this, the EU regulation for water reuse sets minimum requirements for the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation, including a reduction in human enteric viruses. In the present study, the occurrence of several human enteric viruses, including the human norovirus genogroup I (HuNoV GI), HuNoV GII, and rotavirus (RV), along with viral fecal contamination indicator crAssphage was monitored by using (RT)-qPCR methods on influent wastewater and reclaimed water samples. Moreover, the level of somatic coliphages was also determined as a culturable viral indicator. To assess the potential viral infectivity, an optimization of a capsid integrity PMAxx-RT-qPCR method was performed on sewage samples. Somatic coliphages were present in 60% of the reclaimed water samples, indicating inefficient virus inactivation. Following PMAxx-RT-qPCR optimization, 66% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the analyzed enteric viruses, with concentrations ranging from 2.79 to 7.30 Log10 genome copies (gc)/L. Overall, most of the analyzed reclaimed water samples did not comply with current EU legislation and contained potential infectious viral particles.

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Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring

Abstract: Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions.

Cited by 7 publications

References 154 publications

Rotavirus in developing countries: molecular diversity, epidemiological insights, and strategies for effective vaccination

Rotavirus in developing countries: molecular diversity, epidemiological insights, and strategies for effective vaccination

Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review

Capsid Integrity Detection of Enteric Viruses in Reclaimed Waters

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