Epidemiological Perspectives on Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in Germany

Abstract

OBJECTIVETo predict the frequency of type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence (<15 years of age) in Germany for the next 20 years.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData on diabetes onset has been collected by means of a registry in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg (documentation period, 1987–2006; n = 5,108; completeness of data 98.1%).RESULTSThe current incidence rate (2000–2006) is 19.4 per 100,000 per year (95% CI 18.6–20.2). The annual incidence rate can be expressed as a square of a linear function of the calendar year X [y = (3.05 + 0.0778 × {X–1986})2; r2 = 0.90]. The highest increase per year was observed in the age-groups comprising 2- and 3-year-olds (12 and 13% per year, respectively). The incidence rate for the year 2026 is estimated to be 37.9 per 100,000 per year (95% CI 33.3–42.9).CONCLUSIONSThe increase that we found in younger children is characteristic of a left shift toward an earlier age.

Recent Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Montenegro: A Shift Toward Younger Age at Disease Onset

“…Two youngest age groups (0-4 and 5-9 years) had the highest relative increase. This is in accordance with other studies reporting the increasing incidence of T1DM mostly in younger age group [11][12][13][14] , but is completely different from data reported in Croatia where the increase in the disease incidence ceased in the youngest children 15 . Similar to some other studies 16,17 , we found a steep increase in the incidence T1DM in Montenegro boys under five years of age.…”

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (Nod2) modulates T1DM susceptibility by gut microbiota

“…The incidence of T1DM has significantly increased worldwide [2][3][4][5][6][7] and environmental factors are thought to play a critical role in this. Innate immunity protects hosts from bacterial invasion by recognizing bacterial components through their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).…”

Streptozotocin-induced type-1-diabetes disease onset in Sprague–Dawley rats is associated with an altered intestinal microbiota composition and decreased diversity

“…Over time, b-cell destruction results in insulin deficiency, worsening hyperglycemia and an eventual call for insulin therapy. As the incidence of T1D is increasing at a rate far beyond the rate of population growth, additional emphasis has been placed on the contribution of environmental factors towards disease onset (Ehehalt et al, 2010;Patterson et al, 2001;Vaarala et al, 2008). Indeed, the intestinal microbiota is an environmental factor that cannot be overlooked as a contributor towards T1D development or a factor that is significantly altered as a result of T1D development.…”