Epidemiological Evidence for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV-Infected Patients and Relationship to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Currier, Judith S.; Lundgren, Jens D.; Carr, Andrew; Klein, Daniel B.; Sabin, Caroline; Sax, Paul E.; Schouten, Jeffrey T.; Śmieja, Marek

doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.189624

Cited by 306 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Indeed, age is among the strongest factors associated with CVD risk in both HIV-positive and HIVnegative populations, with the risk of MI increasing by 6-9% for every year aged in both populations as previously described. 23 Among the modifiable CVD risk factors, smoking, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia are also highly prevalent among HIV-positive patients. 2,4, 22 In a cross-sectional analysis of the D:A:D study population, almost 25% were in an older age group (over 45 years for males; over 55 for females), 11.4% had a family history of coronary heart disease, 51.5% were current cigarette smokers, more than 8% had hypertension and the overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 2.5%.…”

Section: Traditional Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention

Petoumenos

Worm

2011

Sex. Health

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Abstract. In the developed world, HIV infection is now well managed with very effective and less toxic antiretroviral treatment. HIV-positive patients therefore are living longer, but are now faced by challenges associated with aging. Several non-AIDS associated morbidities are increased in this population, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is suggested that CVD occurs earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed to contribute to this. First, the traditional CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in this population. High rates of smoking, dyslipidaemia and a family history of CVD have been reported. This population is also aging, with estimates of more than 25% of HIV-positive patients in the developed world being over the age of 50. Antiretroviral treatment, both through its effect on lipids and through other, sometimes less well understood, mechanisms, has been linked to increased CVD risk. HIV infection, especially untreated, is a further contributing factor to increased CVD risk in HIV-positive patients. As the HIV-positive population continues to age, the risk of CVD will continue to increase. Guidelines for the management and prevention of CVD risk have been developed, and are largely modelled on those used in the general population. However, the data currently suggest that these interventions, such as the use of lipid-lowering medications and smoking cessation programs, remain quite low. A better understanding the mechanisms of CVD risk in this aging population and further efforts in improving uptake of prevention strategies will remain an important research area.

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Section: Traditional Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention

Petoumenos

Worm

2011

Sex. Health

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“…Opostamente, foi encontrado um aumento dos níveis de HDL (3,37 mg/dL -Tabela 3) após o início da HAART, ocorrendo em 55,55% dos pacientes em uso da combinação ITRNN + ITRN, assim como o encontrado por Currier et al (17) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Farhi, Lima e Cunha (6) encontraram prevalência maior de uso de IP dentre os dislipidêmicos (53,50%) (p < 0,05), principalmente com atazanavir (ATV), lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir e nelfinavir. Já outros estudos (17,18) relatam que o saquinavir, o ATV e o LPV são exceções a essa regra, posicionando-os como medicamentos de escolha em pacientes com RCV elevado.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

DislipiDemias e Risco caRDiovasculaR em pacientes Hiv-positivo utilizanDo teRapia antiRRetRoviRal na Região oeste De santa cataRina

Lang¹,

Sanagiotto²,

Ferraz³

et al. 2012

J Bras Doenças Sex Transm

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“…Another explanation relates to the fact that HAART may induce metabolic and anthropometric changes, which are risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [7,8]. HIV or HAART may accelerate atherosclerosis through unique pathways such as inflammation and endothelial dysfunction [9]. The relationship between HIV, HAART and atherosclerotic vascular disease is complex and has not been well defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Carotid Plaque Identified Using Standard Carotid Ultrasound Techniques in HIV-Positive Patients with Low to Moderate Vascular Risk

Stanek¹

2014

J AIDS Clin Res

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Epidemiological Evidence for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV-Infected Patients and Relationship to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 306 publications

References 43 publications

HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention

HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention

DislipiDemias e Risco caRDiovasculaR em pacientes Hiv-positivo utilizanDo teRapia antiRRetRoviRal na Região oeste De santa cataRina

High Prevalence of Carotid Plaque Identified Using Standard Carotid Ultrasound Techniques in HIV-Positive Patients with Low to Moderate Vascular Risk

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