Epidemiological analysis of typhoid fever in Kelantan from a retrieved registry

Abstract

Aim:Despite the endemicity of typhoid in Kelantan, epidemiological data showing typhoid association to age, sex, ethnicity and district of patients is limited. This retrospective study investigated the statistical association of these variables from a retrieved registry. Methodology and results: Cross-tabulation using SPSS was used to analyze 1394 cases of confirmed typhoid patients admitted to various hospitals in Kelantan state over a six-year period. Fourteen age groups with a five-year range interval were generated. There was a significant association between typhoid infection and sex of subjects, whereby females were generally more susceptible than males. Ethnicity and district of typhoid patients did not show significant association. Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The observation of an increased number of typhoid cases with a male predominance in the age group 5-14 and female predominance in the 20-60 age group calls for improved hygiene, continued public health education, together with better laboratory diagnostics to identify carriers, are some measures to control this disease.

"Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in Pregnant Women of District Mardan Pakistan"

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“…The addition of kecombrang, however, decreased consumers' acceptance on the aroma and cocoa flavor of the beverage. The decrease of consumer acceptance may be linked with aromatic and phenolic compound of the kecombrang which left strong acidic aroma, bitter taste and astringency [15,22]. The panelists' acceptance on the mouthfeel of the cocoa drink was also decreased along with the increase of the torch ginger flower powder addition.…”