Environmental influences on regulation of blood plasma/serum components in teleost fishes: a review

Abstract

Concentrations of both inorganic and organic blood plasma/serum components of teleost fishes were reviewed in seven habitat/life-history categories. These were: freshwater; inland saline; estuarine and nearshore marine; pelagic and deepsea; diadromous; southern cold-water; and northern cold-water. Plasma/serum osmolalities were compared among groups acclimated to/living in fresh and in salt water. Contributions of inorganic ions and colligative and non-colligative organic molecules were evaluated including with respect to melting and freezing points, and ''antifreeze activity'' of plasma/serum in species from cold marine waters. Possible roles of TMAO in deep-water fishes were reviewed. Discussion also included influences of ambient salinity and temperature on concentrations of plasma/serum components. Seasonal cycles of blood plasma/serum components were discussed, along with antifreeze concentrations in other body fluids and tissues of cold-water fishes. Regulatory patterns of plasma/serum osmolalities were compared among the most euryhaline of teleosts evaluated here. Highest mean values of plasma/serum osmolalities in sea water were seen in southern cold-water and in pelagic and deep-sea fishes. The southern cold-water group also had the lowest plasma/serum freezing points among these groups. Comparisons of mean plasma/serum Na ? and Cl -concentrations among fishes from fresh waters did not differ significantly among groups, but species from cold marine waters showed higher levels than did other groups in marine waters. Plasma/serum osmotic, Na ? and Cl -concentrations of these seven groups of teleosts were compared with those of other fish-like vertebrate groups. Possible impacts of global warming on regulatory responses of plasma/serum components were discussed.

Physiological responses to salinity stress in the Managua Cichlid,Cichlasoma managuense

“…The gradients between ambient water and body fluid became small as the salinity level increased, resulting in decreased energy consumed on osmoregulation. This observation is consistent with the previous finding (Nordlie, 2009) that suggested energy saving in osmoregulation enables fish to adapt well to salinity changes. These results were similar to that of the previous report that the lowest NKA activity was found to be at 15‰ for the black porgy (Tomy et al., 2009).…”

Physiological responses to salinity stress in the Managua Cichlid,Cichlasoma managuense

“…The gradients between ambient water and body fluid became small as the salinity level increased, resulting in decreased energy consumed on osmoregulation. This observation is consistent with the previous finding (Nordlie, 2009) that suggested energy saving in osmoregulation enables fish to adapt well to salinity changes. These results were similar to that of the previous report that the lowest NKA activity was found to be at 15‰ for the black porgy (Tomy et al., 2009).…”

Deviation of habitat salinity during seasonal gonad recrudescence affects plasma sex steroid levels and suppresses gonadal maturation in an euryhaline fishEtroplus suratensis

“…Regulation of osmolality is mostly dependent on species (Varsamos, Nebel & Charmantier, ) and its habitats (Lee, Hwang, Shieh & Lin, ; Lin, Chen & Lee, ). Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day.…”

“…Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day. Bystriansky, Richards, Schulte and Ballantyne () reported that plasma levels of Na + remained high after SW transfer for 30 days in Arctic char, 10 days in O. mykiss and up to 4 days in S. salar .…”

Characterization of Albanian water frog, Pelophylax shqipericus, sperm traits and morphology, by using phase contrast microscopy

“…Osmolality seemed to be another important factor contributing to sperm motility. The mean osmolality of the blood of P. shqipericus was 220 mOsm/L very similar to amphibian's in general (Nordlie, ) and spermatozoa were immotile or very low motile in testes. Same observations are reported in literature (Langhorne et al, ; Lee & Jamieson, ; Selmi, Brizzi, & Bigliardi, ).…”

Physiological responses to salinity stress in the Managua Cichlid,Cichlasoma managuense

“…The gradients between ambient water and body fluid became small as the salinity level increased, resulting in decreased energy consumed on osmoregulation. This observation is consistent with the previous finding (Nordlie, 2009) that suggested energy saving in osmoregulation enables fish to adapt well to salinity changes. These results were similar to that of the previous report that the lowest NKA activity was found to be at 15‰ for the black porgy (Tomy et al., 2009).…”

Deviation of habitat salinity during seasonal gonad recrudescence affects plasma sex steroid levels and suppresses gonadal maturation in an euryhaline fishEtroplus suratensis

“…Regulation of osmolality is mostly dependent on species (Varsamos, Nebel & Charmantier, ) and its habitats (Lee, Hwang, Shieh & Lin, ; Lin, Chen & Lee, ). Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day.…”

“…Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day. Bystriansky, Richards, Schulte and Ballantyne () reported that plasma levels of Na + remained high after SW transfer for 30 days in Arctic char, 10 days in O. mykiss and up to 4 days in S. salar .…”

Characterization of Albanian water frog, Pelophylax shqipericus, sperm traits and morphology, by using phase contrast microscopy

“…Osmolality seemed to be another important factor contributing to sperm motility. The mean osmolality of the blood of P. shqipericus was 220 mOsm/L very similar to amphibian's in general (Nordlie, ) and spermatozoa were immotile or very low motile in testes. Same observations are reported in literature (Langhorne et al, ; Lee & Jamieson, ; Selmi, Brizzi, & Bigliardi, ).…”

Physiological responses to salinity stress in the Managua Cichlid,Cichlasoma managuense

“…The gradients between ambient water and body fluid became small as the salinity level increased, resulting in decreased energy consumed on osmoregulation. This observation is consistent with the previous finding (Nordlie, 2009) that suggested energy saving in osmoregulation enables fish to adapt well to salinity changes. These results were similar to that of the previous report that the lowest NKA activity was found to be at 15‰ for the black porgy (Tomy et al., 2009).…”

Deviation of habitat salinity during seasonal gonad recrudescence affects plasma sex steroid levels and suppresses gonadal maturation in an euryhaline fishEtroplus suratensis

“…Regulation of osmolality is mostly dependent on species (Varsamos, Nebel & Charmantier, ) and its habitats (Lee, Hwang, Shieh & Lin, ; Lin, Chen & Lee, ). Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day.…”

“…Our results are also within the osmolality ranges of an earlier study by Nordlie () for 20 different diadromous teleost species. Plasma Na⁺ levels in the present study were within the range of 150.0 ± 3.9 mmol L −1 in FW to 173.8 ± 3.8 mM in SW, in accordance with Nordlie (), whereas significant increase in plasma Na⁺ level above the range was noticed only during SW acclimation on the 30 th day. Bystriansky, Richards, Schulte and Ballantyne () reported that plasma levels of Na + remained high after SW transfer for 30 days in Arctic char, 10 days in O. mykiss and up to 4 days in S. salar .…”

Characterization of Albanian water frog, Pelophylax shqipericus, sperm traits and morphology, by using phase contrast microscopy

“…Osmolality seemed to be another important factor contributing to sperm motility. The mean osmolality of the blood of P. shqipericus was 220 mOsm/L very similar to amphibian's in general (Nordlie, ) and spermatozoa were immotile or very low motile in testes. Same observations are reported in literature (Langhorne et al, ; Lee & Jamieson, ; Selmi, Brizzi, & Bigliardi, ).…”