Environmental impact of submerged and emerged breakwaters

Effects of detached breakwaters on drowning due to rip and circulation currents

“…In a study on the impact of submerged breakwaters on ecology carried out in Dubai, it was found that hard-bottom habitats were formed due to the use of submerged breakwaters because they acted as large-scale manmade reefs that support a wide range of marine ecology [40]. A study on the environmental impacts of submerged and emerged breakwaters concluded that to ensure a safe and sustainable coastline, decision-makers should consider different environmental factors [41]. A complete list of abbreviations is shown in Appendix I.…”

Grain size distribution of modern beach sediments in Sri Lanka

“…However, introducing coarser sediments such as gravel can make beaches more stable, but there are differences in habitat associated with the different types of sediments used in nourishment operations. Therefore, gravel filling can change beach morphology and may have ecological impacts (McLachlan and Brown 2006;Saengsupavanich et al 2022).…”

“…Grain size analysis is important in geological research for understanding the physical properties of sedimentary rocks (e.g., strength), depositional environments, sediment transportation/monitoring erosion, and reconstructing past landscapes and environmental conditions (Saengsupavanich et al 2022;Ratnayake et al 2023). In addition, grain size analysis provides important information in ecological conservation for understanding habitat suitability, water quality and resource availability, and nutrient cycling (Siqueira-Silva et al 2020).…”

Environmental impacts of shore revetment

“…Revetments have a great potential to provide habitats for fish and crustaceans, in terms of access to food resources, although such a positive effect is less evident than that of breakwaters [ 76 ]. Riprap revetments have higher fish abundance and diversity of fish and crustaceans than bulkheads because ripraps provide more complex structural habitats than vertical bulkhead walls [ 77 ].…”