Environmental enrichment decreases nicotine-induced hyperactivity in rats

Green, Thomas A.; Cain, Mary E.; Thompson, Michael B.; Bardo, Michael T.

doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1538-3

Cited by 95 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with previous observations that EC rats display less activity in an inescapable novel environment (Lore and Levowitz, 1966;Fuller, 1967;Bowling et al, 1993;Smith et al, 1997;Green et al, 2003), respond less for a weak auditory stimulus in the absence of consummatory reward (Rose et al, 1986), and have lower response rates on a DRL-20 s operant task (Ough et al, 1972). Since EC rats tend to have reduced locomotor activity compared to IC rats, it could be argued that the effects observed in these studies are simply due to the lower baseline activity of EC rats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In this paradigm, rats are housed for several weeks with either social cohorts and novel objects in an enriched condition (EC) or individually without objects in an isolated condition (IC). EC rats subsequently display less activity than IC rats in an inescapable novel environment (Lore and Levowitz, 1966;Fuller, 1967;Bowling et al, 1993;Smith et al, 1997;Green et al, 2003). EC rats also approach novelty more quickly than IC rats in a freechoice test (Fuller, 1967;Renner and Rosenzweig, 1986;Widman and Rosellini, 1990), suggesting that EC rats may find novel stimuli to be less stressful.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental enrichment decreases responding for visual novelty

Cain

Green

Bardo

2006

Behavioural Processes

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Previous research has demonstrated that rats reared in an enriched condition (EC) with novel objects and social partners self-administer less amphetamine compared to rats raised in an isolated condition (IC). However, it is unclear if the enrichment-induced decrease in stimulant self-administration generalizes to non-drug rewards such as those provided by novel environmental stimuli. In the current study, EC, IC, and social condition (SC) rats were raised from 21 to 51 days of age before being tested in a two-lever operant conditioning chamber in which responding on one lever (active lever) resulted in illumination of a cue light. In Experiment 1, rats were initially assessed for baseline responding (no contingency) and then the contingent light was introduced. EC rats responded less than IC rats for the contingent light stimulus; however, EC rats also displayed a lower rate of baseline responding. In Experiment 2, rats were trained initially to lever press for a sucrose reward to decrease differences in baseline responding. While sucrose pretraining decreased baseline response differences between groups, EC rats still responded less for the contingent light stimulus than IC or SC rats. These results suggest that environmental enrichment decreases the incentive value of visual novelty.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment decreases responding for visual novelty

Cain

Green

Bardo

2006

Behavioural Processes

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“…Previous work has shown that EC rats are less sensitive than IC rats to the hyperactivity observed following acute nicotine (Green, Cain, Thompson, & Bardo, 2003) or acute morphine (Bardo, Robinet, & Hammer, 1997), but not following acute amphetamine (Bowling & Bardo, 1994). Taken together, these results indicate that the effect of environmental enrichment on the psychostimulant effect of drugs is pharmacologically specific.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Repeated cocaine experience facilitates sucrose-reinforced operant responding in enriched and isolated rats

Klein

Gehrke

Green

et al. 2007

Learning and Motivation

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The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether repeated cocaine exposure differentially affects sucrose-reinforced operant responding in rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) or an isolated condition (IC). Specifically, the performance of EC and IC rats pressing a lever for sucrose under a high fixed-ratio schedule (FR 30) prior to and after 10 days of exposure to cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was compared. Regardless of rearing condition, rats repeatedly exposed to cocaine had shorter reacquisition latencies to complete a sucrose-reinforced FR 30 task than saline controls. The results suggest that cocaine exposure may have crosssensitized both EC and IC rats to the reinforcing effects of sucrose or sucrose-associated cues, thus facilitating reacquisition of operant responding.

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“…The hyperactivity produced by acute stimulant treatment is blunted in IC rats relative to EC rats Bowling and Bardo, 1994;Bardo et al, 1995); one exception, however, is that nicotineinduced hyperactivity is increased in IC rats (Green et al, 2003). In contrast to acute treatment, repeated stimulant treatment, including nicotine, is increased in IC rats relative to EC rats (Bardo et al, 1995;Funk et al, 2005;Solinas et al, 2009;Wooters et al, 2011).…”

Section: B Social Influencesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…IC rats also display a leftward shift in the cocaine dose response curve compared with SC rats (Howes et al, 2000), indicating that isolation housing enhances sensitivity to stimulant reinforcement compared with social housing. However, the presence of novel objects also plays a role, as the behavioral responses to stimulants, opiates, and alcohol differ between SC and EC animals (Bardo et al, 2001;Green et al, 2003;Coolon and Cain, 2009;El Rawas et al, 2009;de Carvalho et al, 2010).…”

Section: Psychosocial Influences and Abused Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%