Environmental analysis of gasoline blending components through their life cycle

Mata, Teresa M.; Smith, Raymond L.; Young, Douglas; Costa, Carlos A. V.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.09.006

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…needed in equation (15). When the restriction of the number of raw materials and consequently the equations (15)- (17) are omitted the model is linear.…”

Section: Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

Fröhling

Rentz

2010

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…needed in equation (15). When the restriction of the number of raw materials and consequently the equations (15)- (17) are omitted the model is linear.…”

Section: Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

Fröhling

Rentz

2010

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…Although not shown here (2), it is important to note that reformate followed by cracked gasoline have the largest contributions to the photochemical ozone creation. Alkylate contributes mostly to the aquatic toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, and human toxicity potential by ingestion, followed by cracked gasoline and then by reformate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Alkylate contributes mostly to the aquatic toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, and human toxicity potential by ingestion, followed by cracked gasoline and then by reformate. The contribution of alkylate to the acidification potential is the largest, followed by cracked gasoline, while the contribution of reformate is negligible (2). Also, the contributions of gasoline blends to global warming, ozone depletion, and human toxicity by exposure are negligible (2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Gasoline Blending Options

Mata

Smith

Young

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A life cycle assessment has been done to compare the potential environmental impacts of various gasoline blends that meet octane and vapor pressure specifications. The main blending components of alkylate, cracked gasoline, and reformate have different octane and vapor pressure values as well as different potential environmental impacts. Because the octane and vapor pressure values are nonlinearly related to impacts, the results of this study show that some blends are better for the environment than others. To determine blending component compositions, simulations of a reformer were done at various operating conditions. The reformate products of these simulations had a wide range of octane values and potential environmental impacts. Results of the study indicate that for low-octane gasoline (95 Research Octane Number), lower reformer temperatures and pressures generally decrease the potential environmental impacts. However, different results are obtained for high-octane gasoline (98 RON), where increasing reformer temperatures and pressures increase the reformate octane values faster than the potential environmental impacts. The higher octane values for reformate allow blends to have less reformate, and therefore high-octane gasoline can have lower potential environmental impacts when the reformer is operated at higher temperatures and pressures. In the blends studied, reformate and cracked gasoline have the highest total impacts, of which photochemical ozone creation is the largest contributor (assuming all impact categories are equally weighted). Alkylate has a much lower total potential environmental impact but does have higher impact values for human toxicity by ingestion, aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity, and acidification. Therefore, depending on environmental priorities, different gasoline blends and operating conditions should be chosen to meet octane and vapor pressure specifications.

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“…Catalytic naphtha reforming is a basic technology to produce high-octane reformate for gasoline blending. 202 In this process, many reactions take place such as dehydrogenation, 203 dehydroisomerization, 203 aromatization, 204 isomerization, 203 dehydrocyclization, 203,205 hydroisomerization, 203,205 hydrocracking, 203,206 and dealkylation. 204 These reactions, which occur simultaneously in the reaction bed, are influenced by different parameters.…”

Section: Theoretical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Bed Reactors: Challenges and Progress of Experimental and Theoretical Studies in a Century of Research

Shirzad

Karimi

Silva

et al. 2019

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Moving bed reactors (MBRs) have been proposed as a sign of significant progress in the reaction engineering area for performance improving and energy saving. Since their advent in 1890, the MBRs have attracted a wide acceptance in different industries, while they were first developed for the drying industries. The progress that this technology has made during its evolution led to the introduction of these reactors as a pioneer strategy in other industries including petroleum, petrochemical, pyrolysis, and biomass industries. In the traditional reaction systems, the process performance decreases during the operational conditions, while MBRs have obviated this drawback by having an all-around permanent acceptable efficiency. In this context, the present work provides an overview on the evolution of MBRs by investigating the main experimental and theoretical studies. In this way, the experimental studies have typically taken into account operational conditions and production rates of different products, while in the theoretical research, modeling, and simulation of conventional processes, the evaluation of novel configurations and the optimization techniques have been investigated. In the end, some suggestions are proposed to modify the traditional MBRs as helpful ideas for further studies.

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Environmental analysis of gasoline blending components through their life cycle

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

Life Cycle Assessment of Gasoline Blending Options

Moving Bed Reactors: Challenges and Progress of Experimental and Theoretical Studies in a Century of Research

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