Entrapment of sulfur in hierarchical porous graphene for lithium–sulfur batteries with high rate performance from −40 to 60°C

Nucleophilic substitution between polysulfides and binders unexpectedly stabilizing lithium sulfur battery

“…[5] This shuttle effect, together with low conductivity, leads to poor sulfur utilization and fast-capacity fade, which have hindered widespread use of rechargeable Li-S batteries. [6][7] Efforts to trap the shuttling polysulfides have mainly focused on meso/nano-carbon matrix as summarized by Liu et al, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] formation of sulfur composites initiated by Wang et al [21][22][23] and metal oxide/sulfide hosts reviewed by Mai et al [24] Since divinyloxyhydroxyolysulphides was first developed by T.A. Skotheim et al as an alternative binder solution for Li-S batteries, [25] polymers including gelatin, [26][27][28] polyethylene oxide, [29] polyacrylic acid, [30] carboxyl methyl cellulose, [31] polyvinylpyrrolidone [32] , gum arabic binder, [33] carbonyl-β-cyclodextrin [23] and polyamidoamine dendrimer [34] were identified as promising binders to address the issue.…”

Optimized Assembly of Micro-/Meso-/Macroporous Carbon for Li–S Batteries

“…21 Tang et al reported the hierarchical porous graphene synthesized by CaO template for the Li-S battery that delivered 656 mAh/g at 5.0 C and 74% retention of the capacity at 0.1 C. 22 Strubel et al synthesized the ZnO-templated hierarchical porous carbon as sca®old for the sulfur cathode exhibiting a high discharge capacity and outstanding rate capability. 23 Huang et al entrapped sulfur in hierarchical porous graphene decorated with functional groups and the composite presented high rate capacitance from À40 to 60 C. 24 So it is essential to analyze the pore characteristics of hierarchical pores. Although some published works are concerned with this aspect, such as the report from Qu et al, 25 the excellent performances of micromesoporous carbon are obtained by the synergistic e®ect of hierarchical pore size and nitrogen content and the sole function of pore size distribution has not been systematically analyzed.…”

A Simple Preparation of Polyaniline-coated Sulfur Composites for use as Cathodes in Li–S Batteries

“…2 Researchers have addressed this issue by coating the sulfur cathode with a carbon material or a conductive polymer to suppress the dissolution of polysulfides. Graphene, [3][4][5][6] carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [7][8][9] and carbon [10][11][12] have been investigated as sulfurbased cathode materials. Carbon-conductive polymer composite materials [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and conductive polymer matrices [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] have also been widely tested for their ability to improve battery performance.…”

“…Huang et al showed that graphene-coated sulfur composites could be used to improve cycling performance. 3 Moon et al researched polyaniline-coated graphene oxide-sulfur composites and achieved good performance up to 500 cycles. 18 Liu et al synthesized nanosulfur/polyaniline/graphene composites via one-pot in-situ synthesis, and they showed an energy capacity of 600 mAh g ¹1 at 100 cycles with a 0.1 C-rate.…”