Enteric Fever in Travelers: An Updated Insight

Abstract

Enteric fever is a broad term used to represent typhoid and paratyphoid fever which is caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi respectively. The most common cause being S. typhi, overall. However, S. paratyphi is known to infect the travelers at a higher rate. Indian subcontinent being one of the most endemic region, it is always beneficial for the travelers to get immunized while traveling to these areas. However, Vaccination to S. paratyphi is not yet available, hence travelers often fall prey to the disease. The morbidity is often high but mortality is very rare, especially due to first line treatment drugs like ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid and floroquinolones (if patients are sensitive to it). Recently, it was observed that Multi-drug resistance (Resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]) was limited to Typhi isolates and was increased at an exponential rate. Hence, with increasing resistance to these drugs, developing vaccines or new drugs against these bacteria, remains an area of prime interest.

Preparation and Evaluation of Chemically Inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine in Chickens

“…It is well-documented that the SEG vaccines induce protective immunity [15]. Another study [27] demonstrated that the outer membrane proteins are important to induce protective immunity against Salmonella infections. These data indicate most importantly, SEG maintains their original cell envelope and preserve immune stimulating compounds that have adjuvant properties which induce immune responses.…”

Potential Antioxidant Activity Methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid Levels of Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Leaves Extract and Fractions

“…The FRAP method can assess antioxidant compounds that reduce the Fe 3+ complex to Fe 2+ in an acidic environment through an electron transfer process, as absorption measurements were carried out at a wavelength of 593 nm [29][30]. The mechanism of action of the FRAP method is by inactivating free radicals by electron transfer [31].…”