Enhancing Navigator Competence by Demonstrating Maritime Cyber Security

Abstract

As technology continues to develop, information and communication technology and operational technology on board ships are increasingly being networked, and more frequently connected to the Internet. The introduction of cyber systems changes the work environment with the aim of decreasing the workload for the navigator, but at the same time introduces more complexity and vulnerabilities that in turn may alter the competencies needed to perform safe and efficient navigation. Contemporary examples of how cyber-attacks can distort situational awareness and interfere with operations are needed to enhance the navigator's competence through increased system awareness. This paper demonstrates some of the possible attack vectors that a cyber-attack can present to a ship, as well as discussing the plausibility and consequences of such attacks. In this study we provide a practical example to better understand how one can demystify cyber threats in order to enhance the navigators' competence.

Maritime Cyber Risk Management: An Experimental Ship Assessment

“…Ships are increasingly using information and operational technology systems that depend on digitisation, networking and integration. As the reliance on computing and communication technologies is growing, the need for cyber risk management is becoming critically important (Polatid et al 2018; Hareide et al, 2018; Shapiro et al, 2018; Botunac and Grz̆an, 2017; Lee et al, 2017; Hassani et al, 2017; Burton, 2016; Balduzzi et al, 2014; Svilicic and Kras, 2005). Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has published Guidelines on high-level recommendations for maritime cyber risk management (IMO MSC, 2017c).…”

Raising Awareness on Cyber Security of ECDIS

“…Ship operational technology systems for a last two decades have been intensively developed by means of digitalization, integration and networking. The development resulted in complex and computerbased technology systems, and therefore there is urgent need for safeguarding shipping from cyber threats and vulnerabilities (Svilicic et al 2019, Tam et al 2019, Filic 2018, Kessler et al 2018, Polatid et al 2018, Hareide et al 2018, Shapiro et al, 2018, Svilicic et al 2018, Lee et al 2017, Hassani et al 2017, Burton 2016, Balduzzi et al 2014, Svilicic et al 2005. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently published the Guidelines on high-level recommendations for maritime cyber risk management (IMO MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3 2017), and imposed to include cyber risk assessment in the implementation of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code safety management system on ships by 1st of January 2021 (IMO MSC.428(98) 2017).…”

Towards a Cyber Secure Shipboard Radar

“…Remarkable advances in computer technology over the last two decades have also influenced radar development, resulting in complex software-based systems. With the increasing reliance on digitalisation, software development and network integration – not only of radar but other shipboard navigational equipment – the need to safeguard shipping from cyber threats has acquired great importance (Lee et al, 2017; Fernández-Hernández et al, 2018; Hareide et al, 2018; Lewis et al, 2018; Polatid et al, 2018; Shapiro et al, 2018; Svilicic et al, 2019; Tam and Jones, 2019).…”