We propose parallel-coupled nonreciprocal microring resonators to expand the operating bandwidth of nonreciprocal optical devices based on ring resonators. The operation of this nonreciprocal device is demonstrated using a finite element method.
IntroductionThe development of optical fiber communication systems has spurred growing demand for optical isolators. At the present time, however, the only readily available isolators are bulky and expensive. There is, therefore, a need for inexpensive and more reliable isolators that can be integrated with other optical devices. To satisfy this demand, numerous designs for optical waveguide isolators have been explored. These waveguide isolators are classified broadly into two categories: configurations relying on nonreciprocal TE/TM mode conversion and configurations relying on nonreciprocal phase shifts [1].The configurations relying on TE/TM mode conversion have encountered problems due to the phase mismatch between the two modes. On the other hand, the configurations relying on nonreciprocal phase shifts intrinsically require no phase matching, as TE and TM modes are not coupled in the waveguides. An isolator based on this concept has been successfully demonstrated in a Mach-Zehnder configuration [2]. Furthermore, several groups have begun to study size reduction of this device. They have considered the use of double-layered garnets [3], compensation walls [4], or garnets bound to high-index contrast slabs [5]. It has been estimated that the length of the isolators can be reduced to a minimum of several hundred micrometers [5]. This supposedly unbreakable limit to further size reductions, however, concerns only transversal waveguide geometries of nonreciprocal phase shifters.Our efforts to overcome this limitation involve the introduction of nonreciprocal microring resonators to optical waveguide isolators. Our previous report has demonstrated that a Mach-Zehnder interferometer assisted by the nonreciprocal resonator can function as an optical isolator [6]. However, the operation bandwidth of this device was limited to only AA = 0.1 nm. For a fresh approach to this problem, this report proposes parallel-coupled nonreciprocal microring resonators, and demonstrates how this configuration is useful for increasing the operation bandwidth.