Enhanced vaccination effect against influenza by prebiotics in elderly patients receiving enteral nutrition

Abstract

Our findings suggest that prebiotics affect the intestinal microbiota and might maintain the antibody titers in elderly individuals.

Effect of probiotics and prebiotics on immune response to influenza vaccination in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) [ Figure 1 shows the search process and outcomes. A total of 19 publications with 20 RCTs were included for our systematic review [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Two trials (a pilot and a confirmatory study) with different patient numbers, treatment protocols, and years of study were published together [35].…”

“…Two trials (a pilot and a confirmatory study) with different patient numbers, treatment protocols, and years of study were published together [35]. Thirteen trials focused on probiotics [22,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], while the other six RCTs focused on prebiotics [23][24][25][37][38][39]. Only one study concentrated on synbiotics [21].…”

“…These studies were conducted worldwide, with six trials in Japan [22][23][24]27,28,33], three trials in the USA [32,37,38], two studies each in Spain [31,36] and the UK [21,25], one publication in France [35], and one trial each in Australia [34], Belgium [29], Italy [30], Germany and Denmark [26], and Chile [39]. Seven RCTs enrolled healthy adults or older adults [21,25,26,30,32,34,36], and two trials enrolled healthy older adults [38,39].…”

“…Seven RCTs enrolled healthy adults or older adults [21,25,26,30,32,34,36], and two trials enrolled healthy older adults [38,39]. In another eleven trials, subjects living in hospitals, nursing homes, or long-term care facilities were enrolled [22][23][24][27][28][29]31,33,35,37]. Participants fed by enteral tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy were enrolled in three studies conducted in Japan [23,24,27].…”

An Enteral Formula Containing Fermented Milk Products and Prebiotics Promotes Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion via Short Chain Fatty Acid Signaling

“…PF contains products obtained from milk fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, prebiotics such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and bifidogenic growth stimulator (BGS), and more water-soluble dietary fiber than that in standard formula (SF). In human clinical trials, elderly people who received PF as part of their enteral nutrition showed an increase in Bifidobacterium counts in their feces and an improvement in stool quality [10,11]. In addition, PF administration was associated with an increase in the number of Bifidobacterium in the cecum and SCFA levels in a rat enteral nutrition model [12].…”